Overview Shoulder impingement syndrome, now more commonly referred to as subacromial pain syndrome (SAPS), is one of the most frequent causes of shoulder pain. It accounts for ~40–65% of shoulder complaints in primary care and sports medicine settings. It occurs due to mechanical compression of the rotator cuff tendons (most commonly supraspinatus) and subacromial bursa […]

Overview Scaphoid fracture is the most common carpal bone fracture, accounting for ~60–70% of all carpal fractures. It occurs most frequently in young adults (15–40 years) following a fall on the outstretched hand (FOOSH). The scaphoid’s tenuous blood supply predisposes to non-union and avascular necrosis, especially in proximal fractures. Early recognition is essential as delayed […]

Overview Chronic compartment syndrome (also known as chronic exertional compartment syndrome or exercise induced compartment syndrome) is an exertional condition in which repetitive activity causes transiently elevated pressure within a closed myofascial compartment, leading to ischemic pain, tightness, and sometimes neurologic symptoms that predictably begin with exercise and abate with rest. It most often affects […]

Overview Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear is one of the most common knee injuries, particularly in young athletes involved in pivoting sports (soccer, basketball, skiing). ACL injuries account for ~50% of all knee ligament injuries, with an incidence of ~68 per 100,000 annually, more common in females due to anatomical and biomechanical risk factors. ACL […]

Overview Achilles tendinopathy and rupture are common causes of posterior ankle pain and disability, particularly in active adults. Tendinopathy presents with chronic pain, stiffness, and impaired function, while rupture is an acute injury characterised by a sudden “pop” and loss of plantarflexion power. Achilles tendon injuries are increasingly prevalent due to sports participation, with rupture […]

Overview Acromioclavicular (AC) joint separation is a common shoulder injury, usually sustained from direct trauma such as a fall onto the tip of the shoulder. It involves varying degrees of injury to the stabilising structures of the AC joint — primarily the acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ligaments. Clinical presentation ranges from localised tenderness and mild pain […]

Overview Knee osteoarthritis is a chronic, whole-joint disorder characterized by pain, stiffness, functional limitation and progressive structural change affecting cartilage, subchondral bone, synovium, menisci, ligaments and peri-articular muscles. Prevalence rises with age and obesity and contributes substantially to global disability; recent GBD analyses and reviews highlight knee OA as a leading cause of pain and […]

Overview Medial and lateral knee joint menisci serve to transfer load and absorb shock, aid joint stability and provide lubrication. The meniscus is the most commonly injured structure in the knee joint. Acute tears occurs after axial loading combined with rotation. People may complain of a sensation of clicking or catching of the knee with […]