Frozen shoulder, medically known as adhesive capsulitis, is a condition characterised by stiffness, pain, and limited range of motion in the shoulder joint. It typically develops gradually and can significantly impact daily activities. The condition is often linked to inflammation and tightening of the shoulder capsule. Common in people aged 40 to 60, especially those […]

Learn the underlying mechanism of Raynaud’s phenomenon, including how vascular spasm leads to color changes in response to cold or stress. This video explains the pathophysiology and differences between primary and secondary Raynaud’s.

Vasculitis explained: learn types, causes, symptoms, and complications of blood vessel inflammation — including giant cell arteritis, Takayasu, Kawasaki, ANCA-associated vasculitis, IgA vasculitis, and anti-GBM disease. This concise video breaks down primary vs. secondary vasculitis and categorizes disorders by vessel size (large, medium, small), plus variable and single-organ vasculitides. Viewers will understand mechanisms (immune attack, […]

Dermatomyositis is an autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of the skin and muscles, resulting in distinctive rashes and muscle weakness. The disease involves the production of specific antibodies that mistakenly target muscle tissue.

Inflammatory myopathies are a group of autoimmune diseases characterized by inflammation of the muscles, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy. The two most commonly recognized types are dermatomyositis and polymyositis. Typically presenting with proximal muscle weakness. Difference is that dermatomyositis has skin changes.

Inflammatory arthritis refers to a group of conditions characterised by a high number of white cells in the joints, causing inflammation, pain, redness, and swelling. Non-inflammatory arthritis typically refers to wear-and-tear joint problems, such as osteoarthritis. In this video, we will compare osteoarthritis (a classically non-inflammatory arthritis) to rheumatoid arthritis (a common inflammatory arthritis).

The English surgeon Sir James Paget first described chronic inflammation of bone as osteitis deformans in 1877. Paget’s disease of bone is a disorder of bone remodelling where there is an increase in bone turnover. What this means is that in the bone there is increased bone breakdown followed by increased bone formation, resulting in […]

Trigger finger also known as stenosing flexor tenosynovitis is a condition in which the finger or thumb click or lock when in flexion, preventing a return to extension.

Explore the common causes of medial ankle pain, including tendon injuries, ligament strain, and conditions like posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. This video explains the anatomy involved, symptoms to watch for, and approaches to diagnosis and treatment.

Learn about the common causes of lateral ankle pain, such as ligament sprains, peroneal tendon injuries, and chronic ankle instability. This video covers the relevant anatomy, symptoms, and key strategies for diagnosis, management, and recovery.

Learn about Relapsing Polychondritis, a rare autoimmune disorder affecting cartilage in areas like the ears, nose, and respiratory tract. This video covers clinical features, pathophysiology, and current treatment approaches for effective diagnosis and management.

Learn about piriformis syndrome, a neuromuscular condition where the piriformis muscle compresses the sciatic nerve, causing buttock pain and radiating leg discomfort. This video explains the anatomy, symptoms, underlying causes, and strategies for diagnosis and treatment.

Trochanteric bursitis causes lateral hip pain, swelling, and tenderness—learn causes, diagnosis, and effective treatments for trochanteric bursitis and IT band–related pain. This clear, clinical guide explains how inflammation of the greater trochanteric bursa from overuse, muscle dysfunction, arthritis, or acute injury produces pain, snapping, and referred thigh symptoms, and how to distinguish it from stress […]

Baker’s cysts, also known as popliteal cysts, are among the most common knee disorders. These fluid-filled cysts develop at the back of the knee in the popliteal fossa and result from the enlargement of the gastrocnemius-semimembranosus bursa, a bursa located between the gastrocnemius and semimembranosus muscles. Baker’s cysts typically form in adults due to knee […]

There are medications available to prevent and treat osteoporosis. Medications to prevent osteoporosis are only for those at high risk of osteoporosis, this includes those taking high dose of steroids for a long duration. If someone old has a fracture then usually they are started on medications for osteoporosis regardless of T score. Or if […]

Glucocorticoids are used in many inflammatory, autoimmune conditions. While being used to treat an underlying disease gluocorticoids are associated with an appreciable risk of bone loss and increases risk of fracture, which is most pronounced in the first few months of use. In general risk of fracture increases with age, dose and duration of use. […]

Tofacitinib is an oral agent taken twice daily used to treat many rheumatological conditions mainly RA. Tofacitinib inhibits Janus kinase (JAK) signalling. Immune cells such as macrophages, monocytes and T cells play a key role in the pathophysiology of RA. They contain receptors on their surface which rely on the JAK. JAK initiates a cascade […]

Learn about sulfasalazine, a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) used to treat inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and IBD. This video explains its pharmacology, mechanism of action, metabolism, and potential side effects including gastrointestinal upset and hypersensitivity reactions.

Leflunomide is an immunosuppressant used to treat RA and psoriatic arthritis and Multiple sclerosis. Leflunomide is a prodrug that is rapidly and almost completely metabolized following oral administration to its pharmacologically active metabolite, A77 1726 or teriflunomide. The mechanism of action of leflunomide has not been fully determined, but appears to primarily Inhibit the mitochondrial […]

Hydroxychloroquine explained: how this disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) treats autoimmune conditions and why it’s first-line for systemic lupus erythematosus. Hydroxychloroquine (plaquenil) is an antimalarial with powerful immunomodulatory effects used in SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, and juvenile inflammatory arthritis; it lowers mortality and reduces the risk of lupus nephritis by blocking antigen processing, T-cell activation, and autoantibody […]

Explore azathioprine, an immunosuppressive drug used in autoimmune diseases and organ transplantation. This video covers its pharmacology, mechanism of action in inhibiting purine synthesis, and common side effects including bone marrow suppression and gastrointestinal symptoms.

Learn about methotrexate, a key disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) used to treat autoimmune conditions and certain cancers. This video explains its mechanism of action, pharmacologic properties, and common side effects such as liver toxicity and bone marrow suppression.

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s) explained: learn causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitis. ANCA-associated vasculitis targets small blood vessels and is driven by P-ANCA (anti-myeloperoxidase) or C-ANCA (anti-proteinase 3) antibodies; granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is the most common form and often ANCA-positive against proteinase 3. This video breaks down the hallmark Wegener’s triad—upper respiratory, […]

Understand ANCA-associated vasculitis, a group of autoimmune diseases marked by inflammation of small blood vessels due to anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies. This video explains the underlying causes, immunopathology, and differentiates between major types such as GPA, MPA, and EGPA.