Overview Potassium (K+) is an important ion in the body. K+ is found mainly intracellularly (inside the cells) whereas sodium (Na+) is found extracellularly (outside the cells). Therefore: As the pH rises , K+ is shifted intracellularly and the serum levels falls; conversely when serum pH decreases, intracellular K+ shits extracellularly into the vascular space […]

Hyponatremia is commonly defined as a serum sodium concentration below 130 mmol/L. 

The diagnosis of hypercalcemia most often is made incidentally when a high calcium level is detected in blood samples. The principal challenges in the management of hypercalcemia are distinguishing primary hyperparathyroidism from conditions that will not respond to parathyroidectomy and knowing when it is appropriate to refer the patient for surgery.