75yo John presents to the hospital with a lower respiratory tract infection. His blood test show eGFR is 40 and creatinine >100. His previous blood test earlier in the year eGFR 79 and creatinine 65. You diagnose him with acute kidney injury.

Urinary retention is the inability to voluntarily void urine. This condition can be acute or chronic. Causes of urinary retention are numerous and can be classified as obstructive, infectious and inflammatory, pharmacologic, neurologic, or other.

Haematuria is a common symptom with a multitude of differentials. Common urological causes of haematuria include urinary tract infection and ureteric and renal stones, but concurrent pathology should be suspected if haematuria is significant or persistent. Importantly, if benign conditions are excluded, and the haematuria continues, further investigation is advised, as this may be the only sign of an underlying genitourinary malignancy.