Authors Overview Liver cysts are fluid filled cavities in the liver that are asymptomatic and usually found incidentally on abdominal imaging. Larger cysts are more commonly associated with symptoms and complications. Differential diagnosis for all liver cysts Classifications Simple cysts Are congenital in origin Risk factors Clinical Manifestation Small cysts are asymptomatic but larger ones […]

Author Overview Liver tumors are divided into Benign and Malignant. Most liver tumors are benign, asymptomatic and found incidentally on unrelated imaging. Malignant liver tumours are associated with risk factors (Hep C, Cirrhosis) and present with a spectrum of clinical signs and symptoms such as right upper quadrant pain and liver failure. Classification Benign Malignant […]

Author  Overview Collection of pus forming a mass in the liver as a result of infection. Mainly divided into two types Route of infection Pyogenic Liver Abscess  Can be solitary or multiple pus filled masses caused by bacteria and are generally polymicrobial involving gut-derived Gram-negative, gram positive and anaerobic organisms. Hemochromatosis is associated with Y. […]

Overview Haemorrhoid Plexi are normal anatomical structures located within the anal canal. The term “Anal Haemorrhoids” usually refers to a pathology where the Haemorrhoidal Plexi are enlarged. They are mainly caused by chronic constipation and frequent defecation leading to dilation and engorgement of haemorrhoidal tissue. Common symptoms are bleeding, pain and itching. There are internal […]

Overview Anorectal abscess is an infection of soft tissue around the anus. It causes severe perianal pain and swelling. 30% to 70% of anorectal abscesses are associated with an anorectal fistula. It is two times more likely to present in males.1 2 Anatomy Anal canal – channel connecting the rectum to the anus, located within […]

Overview Acute appendicitis is an acute inflammation of the vermiform (worm-like) appendix. It is mainly caused by obstruction of the lumen of the appendix by stool, infective agents or lymphoid hyperplasia. Acute appendicits is the most common abdominal surgical emergency in the world, with a lifetime risk of 6.9% in females and 8.6% in males. […]

“A 35 Year old women presents with a 1cm hard lump in the upper quadrant of her right breast. She first noticed this when she was in the shower three months ago. She is worried that the lump might be malignant” Overview Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. It accounts for […]

  Overview Fistula-In-Ano, also referred to as “Anorectal fistula”, is an abnormal tunnel between the anal canal (hollow viscus) and the surface of the body. Over 90% are attributed to prior anorectal abscess. It may occur in the presence of Crohn’s Disease and has an association with obesity and diabetes. Patients experience intermittent rectal pain, […]

Overview Anorectal conditions are a common presentation in the primary care setting. A history and physical examination usually will determine the etiology. Physical examination includes visual inspection, digital rectal examination, and anoscopy Anal Fissure More info on Anal fissures Anal Abscess More info on Anal Abscess Haemorrhoids More info on Haemorrhoids Other anorectal disease Fistula-In-Ano Pilonidal Sinus Disease […]

Overview Acute pancreatitis is a relatively common condition presenting with severe, acute, constant epigastric pain. Incidence of ~5 per 100,000/year. Acute pancreatitis has a significant mortality. Early complications include acute renal failure, DIC, hypocalcemia and ARDS. Pancreas Anatomy and Physiology Pancreatic anatomy Pancreas extends retroperitoneally across posterior abdominal wall. It means “All (pan) Flesh (Kreas)”. […]

Overview Higher incidence among men 40 to 59 years of age. Although there are many different types of hernias, they are usually related to the abdomen, with approximately 75% of all hernias occurring in the inguinal region. Hernia contains omentum (90% of cases) or intestine (10% of cases). Inguinal hernias are at risk of irreducibility or incarceration, which […]