The English surgeon Sir James Paget first described chronic inflammation of bone as osteitis deformans in 1877. Paget’s disease of bone is a disorder of bone remodelling where there is an increase in bone turnover. What this means is that in the bone there is increased bone breakdown followed by increased bone formation, resulting in […]

Diabetes explained: learn how insulin, type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and chronic complications affect blood sugar, kidneys, heart, nerves, and vision. This concise video breaks down the physiology of glucose metabolism and insulin action, clarifies the differences between type 1 (autoimmune insulin deficiency) and type 2 (insulin resistance plus impaired secretion), and maps how […]

There are medications available to prevent and treat osteoporosis. Medications to prevent osteoporosis are only for those at high risk of osteoporosis, this includes those taking high dose of steroids for a long duration. If someone old has a fracture then usually they are started on medications for osteoporosis regardless of T score. Or if […]

Unintentional Weight loss is defined by a 5% reduction of usual body weight over 6-12 months. It is associated with increase mortality rates. The most common cause of unintentional weight are increased expenditure or reduced dietary intake. Unintentional weight loss should away raise suspicion of malignancy. Other non malignant causes can be due to maldigestion […]

Understand the clinical approach to obesity and weight gain, including underlying causes, risk factors, and how BMI is used in assessment. This video also explores the health complications associated with obesity and outlines evidence-based treatment strategies for effective weight management.

Learn how hyperparathyroidism causes high parathyroid hormone and disrupts calcium-phosphate balance—covering primary, secondary, and tertiary types. This clear, concise explainer dives into PTH physiology, showing how the gland responds to low calcium and high phosphate, and how PTH acts on bone, kidney, and vitamin D activation to raise serum calcium and lower phosphate. You’ll learn […]

Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia as the name suggests is a cause of hypercalcaemia. It runs in the family and is characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance with high penetrance. Affected people typically present in childhood where they get hypocalciuria (peeing low amounts of calcium) despite having elevated calcium levels in the blood hypercalcaemia.

Learn about hyponatraemia, a common electrolyte imbalance characterized by low sodium levels in the blood. This video explains its classification, underlying causes, pathophysiology, and treatment strategies based on severity and symptom presentation.

Understand the clinical approach to a thyroid nodule, from identifying potential causes to selecting appropriate investigations. This video outlines key diagnostic tools such as ultrasound and fine-needle aspiration, along with treatment strategies based on risk and pathology.

Understand the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid (HPT) axis and how it regulates thyroid hormone production through TRH and TSH signaling. This video explains the feedback loop involving T3 and T4, highlighting the physiological control of metabolism and thyroid function.

Learn about hyperthyroidism, a condition characterized by excessive thyroid hormone production that accelerates metabolism. This video covers common causes like Graves’ disease, the underlying pathophysiology, and how it affects multiple body systems.

Explore the detailed anatomy of the thyroid gland, including its embryological development, blood supply, venous drainage, and innervation. This video also covers the gland’s histological structure and its clinical relevance in thyroid disorders and surgical procedures.

Discover the underlying mechanism and pathophysiology of SIADH, a condition marked by excessive antidiuretic hormone secretion leading to water retention and hyponatremia. This video also explains common causes, clinical features, and treatment strategies for effective management.

Learn the key differences between central and nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus, including their causes, underlying pathophysiology, and hallmark symptoms like polyuria and polydipsia. This video also reviews essential diagnostic investigations and clinical clues for accurate diagnosis.

Explore how key hormones like ADH (vasopressin), aldosterone, and natriuretic peptides regulate body fluid balance, blood pressure, and sodium levels. This video breaks down their mechanisms of action, triggers, and roles in maintaining homeostasis.

Learn the physiology of oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH), two key hormones released by the posterior pituitary. This video explains their roles in childbirth, lactation, water retention, and blood pressure regulation.

Learn about Addison’s Disease, a rare endocrine disorder caused by adrenal insufficiency, leading to fatigue, hypotension, and hyperpigmentation. This video covers its underlying pathophysiology, diagnostic workup, and essential treatment strategies including hormone replacement therapy.

Explore the adrenal gland’s key hormones—cortisol, aldosterone, and adrenaline—and their roles in stress response, metabolism, and fluid balance. This video breaks down adrenal cortex and medulla functions, hormone regulation, and clinical relevance.

Learn the essential steps in managing Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA), a life-threatening complication of Type I Diabetes. This video covers the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and key treatment strategies including fluid resuscitation, insulin therapy, and electrolyte correction.

Explore the complications of diabetes, including neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular disease, with a focus on their underlying pathophysiology. This video breaks down how chronic hyperglycemia leads to long-term organ damage and functional impairment.

Vitamin B12 absorption explained: learn how intrinsic factor, R‑binder (haptocorrin/transcobalamin I), and ileal receptors enable cobalamin uptake and why pernicious anemia blocks it. This clear walkthrough covers vitamin B12 (cobalamin) sources, gastric digestion, and the molecular steps that let B12 enter the bloodstream. Watch to understand how dietary B12 from meat, eggs, fish, and dairy […]

Understand calcium and phosphate regulation in endocrinology, focusing on the roles of PTH, vitamin D, and calcitonin. This video breaks down hormonal control mechanisms and their impact on bone, kidney, and gut physiology for clear clinical insight.

Explore the metabolic changes that occur in the fed state, when the body shifts to storing and utilizing nutrients after a meal. This video explains how insulin regulates glucose uptake, glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and protein synthesis across key organs.

Learn how the body adapts during the fasted state by shifting to energy mobilization and conservation. This video explains the roles of glucagon and other hormones in promoting glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and lipolysis to maintain blood glucose levels.