Medical science, drawn into focus.

Hyperthyroidism (Thyrotoxicosis)

Overview The most common cause of hyperthyroidism are Graves disease, multinodular goitre, an autonomously functioning thyroid nodule  (adenoma) and subacute thyroiditis. Graves Disease is more common in women. Multinodular goitre is more common in the elderly. Graves disease typically manifests in middle aged women. Thyroid diseases are more common in women. Hyperthyroidism: denote conditions in which…

Crystal Arthropathy

Overview Crystal arthropathies are a diverse group of disorders characterized by deposition of various minerals in joints and soft tissues leading to inflammation. Four main types of crystal arthropathies: Gout : The most common of all the crystal arthropathies, caused by monosodium urate crystal precipitation, and its prevalence appears to be increasing. Pseudogout: caused by calcium…

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia

Overview Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL) is a malignancy of lymphoid cells. The two main ALL is T-cells ALL and B-cells ALL. In ALL there is uncontrolled proliferation of immature lymphoblasts in the bone marrow leading to overcrowding affecting other cell lineage. It is the commonest cancer in childhood, rare in adults and has a strong associated with…

Developmental Hip Dysplasia

Overview Developmental Dyplasia of the hip (DDH) is previously known as congenital dislocation of the hip  (however name changed as some of the hip problems develop after birth). Spectrum of condition related to development of the hip in infants and young children. Includes abnormal development of the acetabulum and proximal femur + mechanical instability of the hip joint. Usually involves…

Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis

Overview EGPA (formerly Churg-Strauss syndrome) is a rare, small-to-medium vessel necrotizing vasculitis characterized by asthma, eosinophilia, and extravascular granulomas. It commonly affects the lungs, skin, peripheral nerves, and heart. Annual incidence: ~1–3 per million; peak onset in 40s–60s; no significant gender bias. Strongly associated with MPO-ANCA positivity in ~40–60% of patients; others are ANCA-negative. Eosinophilia…

Kawasaki Disease

Overview Kawasaki disease is an acute systemic vasculitis affecting small and medium-sized vessels predominantly affecting children under 5 years old. It is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children in developed countries. Kawasaki is often self-limiting, but 20–25% risk of coronary artery aneurysms if untreated 1 . Vasculitis : Inflammation of blood vessel…

Obstructive Sleep Apnoea

Overview Sleep apnea syndrome is an extremely common medical disorder associated with important morbidity. Sleep Apnea and can be classified as: Obstructive Sleep Apnea – is the most common, characterized by repetitive, intermittent collapse of the upper (pharyngeal) airway during sleep, which causes apnoeic episodes terminated by partial arousal Central Sleep Apnea - characterised by repetitive absent or diminished…

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