Medical science, drawn into focus.

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Overview Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a non-malignant enlargement of the prostate gland. There is an increase in stromal and glandular components. Anatomy The prostate is an male organ that sits inferior to the bladder and surrounds the first part of the urethra. It is oval shaped and approximately 4cm thick. The prostate gland is…

Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD) 

Overview MCTD is a systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease characterized by overlapping clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc), polymyositis, with rheumatoid arthritis with high titres of anti-U1 RNP antibodies. It typically affects women aged 20–40 years. Prevalence is estimated at 3.8 per 100,000; more common in females (F:M ~9:1). The disease course…

AC Joint Separation

Overview Acromioclavicular (AC) joint separation is a common shoulder injury, usually sustained from direct trauma such as a fall onto the tip of the shoulder. It involves varying degrees of injury to the stabilising structures of the AC joint — primarily the acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ligaments. Clinical presentation ranges from localised tenderness and mild pain…

Renal Cell Carcinoma

Overview Renal cell carcinomas (originate within the renal cortex) are responsible for 85% of all primary renal neoplasms. Transitional cell carcinomas of the renal pelvis are the next most common (~8%). Renal medullary carcinoma is a rare form of RCC seen in sickle cell disease. The most common pathological type of renal cell carcinoma is clear cell…

Cardiac Arrest (including post-arrest care)

Overview Cardiac arrest is a state of circulatory failure due to a loss of cardiac systolic function. It is the result of 4 specific cardiac rhythm disturbances: Ventricular fibrillation Pulseless ventricular tachycardia Pulseless Electrical activity Asystole Epidemiology Survival is estimated at <20% for patients presenting out-of-hospital with VF, and <10% overall for patients presenting with…

Acute Diabetes Complication (DKA, HHS, Hypoglycaemia)

Diabetic Ketoacidosis Ketoacidosis: A condition resulting from deficient insulin availability, leading to lipid oxidation and metabolism rather than glucose metabolism. The insulin absence results in free fatty acid (FFA) released from adipose tissue and in unregulated hepatic FFA oxidation and ketogenesis. Type I Diabetes:  Autoimmune disease where there is attack of beta cells of the…

Bladder Carcinoma

Mainly focusing on Transitional cell tumours Overview Three main types of bladder carcinoma Transitional cell carcinoma (Most common) Squamous cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma (Rare) Transitional cell tumours can affect any part of the urinary epithelium. It is the second most common urological malignancy (Renal Adenocarcinoma is the most common, bladder adenocarcinoma is rare ) and is one…

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