System: Immune System

Mycophenalate is used in lupus nephritis (first line), diffuse SS but also indicated for the prophylaxis of organ rejection in patients undergoing allogeneic renal, hepatic, or cardiac transplants. In transplant…

Explore the role of Interleukin-1 (IL-1) in immune responses, including its effects on inflammation, fever, and cytokine signaling. This video also covers the pharmacology of IL-1 antagonists, detailing their mechanisms…

Learn about Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a key cytokine involved in inflammation, immune regulation, and acute phase responses. This video also explains the pharmacology of IL-6 antagonists like tocilizumab, including their mechanism…

Learn about febrile neutropenia, a serious condition marked by fever and a low neutrophil count that increases the risk of severe infections. This video covers the role of neutrophils in…

Tofacitinib is an oral agent taken twice daily used to treat many rheumatological conditions mainly RA. Tofacitinib inhibits Janus kinase (JAK) signalling. Immune cells such as macrophages, monocytes and T…

Learn about sulfasalazine, a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) used to treat inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and IBD. This video explains its pharmacology, mechanism of action, metabolism, and potential side…

Leflunomide is an immunosuppressant used to treat RA and psoriatic arthritis and Multiple sclerosis. Leflunomide is a prodrug that is rapidly and almost completely metabolized following oral administration to its…

Hydroxychloroquine (plaquenil) is an old antimalarial agent that has immunomodulatory effects widely used in SLE, in which it decreases mortality and the likelihood of developing lupus nephritis, a very common…

Learn about cyclophosphamide, a powerful alkylating agent used in cancer treatment and autoimmune diseases. This video explains its pharmacology, DNA-crosslinking mechanism of action, and potential adverse effects such as myelosuppression,…

Calcineurin inhibitors such as tacrolimus and cyclosporine are immunosuppressants. They are used mainly to prevent organ transplant rejection in combination with mycophenolate and steroids as well used in severe atopic…