The deep peroneal nerve is a branch of the common peroneal nerve that innervates the anterior compartment muscles of the leg, responsible for dorsiflexion of the foot and extension of the toes, and provides sensory input to the first web space of the foot. Clinically, its integrity is crucial for normal gait and foot clearance during walking, making it a key focus in diagnosing foot drop. Injury to this nerve, often from trauma or compression at the fibular neck, can result in weakness of dorsiflexion and sensory loss, significantly impacting mobility.