Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a multifunctional cytokine that regulates cell growth, differentiation, immune responses, and extracellular matrix production. It is crucial in wound healing, immune tolerance, and fibrosis, making it a key factor in tissue repair and pathological scarring. Dysregulation of TGF-beta signalling is implicated in diseases such as cancer progression and fibrotic disorders.