System: Skeletal System

Hypercalcaemia is elevated calcium levels in serum and is a common manifestation of certain types of cancers and cancer metastasis. Normally, the parathyroid gland secretes PTH in response to low…

Tofacitinib is an oral agent taken twice daily used to treat many rheumatological conditions mainly RA. Tofacitinib inhibits Janus kinase (JAK) signalling. Immune cells such as macrophages, monocytes and T…

Leflunomide is an immunosuppressant used to treat RA and psoriatic arthritis and Multiple sclerosis. Leflunomide is a prodrug that is rapidly and almost completely metabolized following oral administration to its…

Hydroxychloroquine (plaquenil) is an old antimalarial agent that has immunomodulatory effects widely used in SLE, in which it decreases mortality and the likelihood of developing lupus nephritis, a very common…

Learn about Primary Myelofibrosis, a chronic myeloproliferative disorder characterized by bone marrow fibrosis, splenomegaly, and cytopenias. This video covers its clinical presentation, underlying pathophysiology, diagnostic approach, and current treatment strategies.

Septic arthritis is a medical emergency caused by joint infection leading to rapid cartilage destruction. This video explains the causes, key pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and urgent treatment strategies to prevent…

Explore the clinical anatomy of the knee joint, covering bones, ligaments, menisci, and key structures involved in movement and stability. This video also highlights common knee injuries and their anatomical…

Explore the clinical anatomy of the knee joint with a focus on the meniscus—its structure, function, and common injuries. This video breaks down key concepts relevant to knee biomechanics, meniscal…

Explore the key causes, pathophysiology, and clinical features of osteoarthritis, the most common form of joint degeneration. This video also covers essential investigations and evidence-based treatment options to manage symptoms…

Explore the clinical anatomy of the lower limb focusing on bones, the inguinal ligament, and major joints including the hip, knee, and ankle. This video provides key insights into structure,…