Explore nephritic syndrome, a kidney disorder characterized by hematuria, hypertension, and reduced kidney function. This video covers its classification—including RPGN, ANCA-associated, and immune complex types—along with the underlying pathophysiology and…

Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is the most popular arrhythmia and diagnosed by the finding of an irregularly irregular ventricular rhythm without discrete P waves. AF is a supraventricular tachycardia. In AF…

Dysphagia is the sensation of difficulty or abnormality of swallowing. It is due to a structural or a motility abnormality in the passage of solids or liquids from the mouth…

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s) explained: learn causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of ANCA-associated vasculitis. ANCA-associated vasculitis targets small blood vessels and is driven by P-ANCA (anti-myeloperoxidase) or C-ANCA (anti-proteinase 3)…

Discover atrioventricular re-entry tachycardia (AVRNT), a common type of supraventricular tachycardia caused by abnormal electrical conduction within or near the AV node. This video explains its causes, re-entry circuit mechanism,…

Explore the fundamentals of cardiac arrhythmias, focusing on the mechanisms behind bradyarrhythmias (slow heart rhythms) and tachyarrhythmias (fast heart rhythms). This video breaks down the electrical disturbances, conduction system abnormalities,…

Type 3 hypersensitivity (immune complex) reactions explained: how antigen–antibody complexes trigger complement-driven inflammation. Learn the mechanism of immune complex formation, clearance failures, and tissue deposition that cause localized (Arthus reaction,…

Explore Type II hypersensitivity, a cytotoxic immune reaction where antibodies target cells leading to destruction via the complement system or immune cells. This video covers the causes, underlying pathophysiology, and…

Type 1 hypersensitivity (allergic reaction) explained: learn the IgE‑mediated mechanism, symptoms, and when it becomes life‑threatening. This video breaks down immediate hypersensitivity, showing how first exposure to an allergen (pollen,…

Learn about DRESS Syndrome (Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms), a severe drug-induced hypersensitivity reaction involving multiple organs. This video explains its causes, immune-mediated pathophysiology, hallmark clinical signs like…