Non-insulin treatment refers to pharmacological therapies used to manage blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes, primarily type 2 diabetes, without the use of insulin. These treatments, including oral hypoglycaemics and injectable agents, are crucial for controlling hyperglycaemia, improving metabolic health, and reducing the risk of diabetes-related complications. A key example is metformin, which enhances insulin sensitivity and can lead to gastrointestinal side effects.