Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928 but did not become widely available until the 1940s. The penicillins are closely related compounds comprising a β-lactam ring, a five-membered…

Understand the life cycle of the malaria parasite and how it informs the pharmacology of antimalarial drugs. This video covers pathophysiology, treatment strategies, and drug mechanisms essential for…

Parasites are microorganisms that live on a living host and derive nutrition them without any benefit to the host. Parasites can also cause harm to the infected host. There are three classes of parasites…

Explore the link between declining CD4+ cell counts and the development of opportunistic infections and AIDS-defining illnesses in HIV-positive individuals. This video outlines common infections and…

Neisseria Gonorrhoea is a gram-negative diplococci which causes gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted infection, which if left untreated can cause serious complications such as septic arthritis and pelvic…

Get an introduction to microbiology by exploring the major groups of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. This video covers their basic structure, classification, and roles in…

Understand the pathophysiology of acne, focusing on the roles of sebum production, follicular hyperkeratinization, inflammation, and Cutibacterium acnes. This video explains how these factors interact to…

Discover the pathophysiology of malaria, from Plasmodium infection to red blood cell destruction and systemic complications. This video explains the disease mechanisms behind fever cycles, anemia, and…

Understand how bacteria develop antibiotic resistance through genetic mutations and horizontal gene transfer. This video explains key resistance mechanisms, such as enzyme production, altered drug targets,…

Learn about malaria and the Plasmodium species responsible for infection, including their life cycle, transmission, and impact on red blood cells. This video explains the key stages in the human host and…