Overview Osteonecrosis of the hip, usually referring to osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH), is a progressive disorder caused by compromised subchondral blood supply leading to death of osteocytes and…

Overview Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated, inflammatory skin disease with systemic associations, characterized by sharply demarcated erythematous plaques with overlying scale, most commonly…

Overview Amyloidosis is a disorder in which misfolded proteins aggregate into insoluble beta-pleated sheet fibrils and deposit extracellularly in tissues, leading to progressive organ dysfunction. It may…

Overview UCTD is a systemic autoimmune disease with features of connective tissue disease (CTD), but does not fulfill classification criteria for any specific CTD such as SLE, Sjögren’s syndrome, systemic…

Overview Seizures are a common occurrence in children. 8% will have at least one seizure by 15 years of age. A seizure is the result of an abnormal paroxysmal discharge by cerebral neurons. Many underlying…

Overview Enteropathic arthritis is a subtype of spondyloarthropathy associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), particularly Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. It affects up to 20% of IBD patients,…

Overview Chronic upper limb ischaemia is a form of peripheral arterial disease that results in a symptomatic reduced blood supply to the upper limb. The common symptoms are weakness, cramps, pain, and…

Overview Acute limb ischaemia refers to any sudden decrease in limb perfusion that causes a potential threat to viability. It is associated with pain, motor and sensory loss, and cold sensation. It affects one…

Overview Rheumatoid arthritis is a common systemic inflammatory disease characterized by the presence of a destructive polyarthritis with a predisposition for affecting the small joints of the hands and feet…

Overview Definition Perioperative Management refers to the period of time extending from the day prior to surgical intervention to several days after said intervention. It consists of the…