Overview Caplan syndrome, also known as rheumatoid pneumoconiosis, is a rare condition seen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who have had occupational exposure to inhaled dust, particularly coal dust…

Overview Acute appendicitis is an acute inflammation of the vermiform (worm-like) appendix. It is mainly caused by obstruction of the lumen of the appendix by stool, infective agents or lymphoid hyperplasia.…

Overview Toxic Multinodular Goitre (TMNG) is the second most common cause of hyperthyroidism caused by a long-standing goitre and/or iodine deficiency which results in an increased risk of mutation and…

Overview Mitral stenosis causes an obstruction to blood flow from the left atrium to left ventricle usually as a result of rheumatic heart disease. The stenosis results in increased pressure in the left…

Overview Mitral regurgitation (MR), which is also known as mitral insufficiency, is a common heart valve disorder. When MR is present, blood leaks backwards through the mitral valve when the heart contracts.…

Overview Knee osteoarthritis is a chronic, whole-joint disorder characterized by pain, stiffness, functional limitation and progressive structural change affecting cartilage, subchondral bone, synovium,…

Overview Graves’ disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, caused by an autoimmune reaction in which TSH receptor autoantibodies stimulate the thyroid gland, leading to an increase in the production…

Overview Gout is a common inflammatory arthritis that is increasing in prevalence. Gout (monosodium urate crystal deposition disease) is characterized biochemically by extracellular fluid urate…

Overview Chronic compartment syndrome (also known as chronic exertional compartment syndrome or exercise induced compartment syndrome) is an exertional condition in which repetitive activity causes…

Overview Cardiac Valves The heart has 4 valves: The Mitral and tricuspid valves are atrioventricular valves meaning they allow blood to move from the atrium to the ventricles of the heart. This occurs…