Overview Umbilical hernias are one of the most common surgical conditions in infants and children. In infantile umbilical hernia there is a pathological failure of obliteration of umbilical defect. Umbilical…

Overview Birth defects are the leading cause of perinatal and post- neonatal deaths, and result in substantial morbidity and disability in developed countries. There is a wide variety of mechanisms…

Overview The successful transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life is dependent upon significant physiologic changes that occur at birth. High-risk delivery Infants who are more likely to…

Overview The classic blood type is the ABO type and either Rh- or Rh+. Rh stands for the Rhesus antigen. If a person has the Rhesus antigen it means they are Rh+, and if they don’t it is Rh-.  The Rhesus…

Meningitis 5 year old presents with non-blanching rash, fever, headache, photophobia and neck stiffness. Aetiology Clinical presentation Investigations Treatment Complications Pertussis 8 month old presents…

Overview Varivose veins (VV) are long, torturous and dilated don’t veins of the superficial venous system. There is a spectrum ranging from telangiectasias (dilated interdermal venules less than 1 mm), through…

Overview Types of Aneurysm True Aneurysm is abnormal dilatations that involve all the layers of the vessel wall. False Aneurysms (pesudoaneurysm) involve a collection of blood in the outer layer only…

Overview Definition Perioperative Management refers to the period of time extending from the day prior to surgical intervention to several days after said intervention. It consists of the…

Overview Dementia is a disorder that is characterized by impairment of cognition, typically involving memory and at least one other cognitive deficit, such as aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, or disturbance in…

Overview Schizophrenia is a complex syndrome often presenting in late teens/early 20s with positive, negative and cognitive symptoms. Positive symptoms include behaviours and thoughts that are not normally…