Medical science, drawn into focus.

Snapping Hip Syndrome (Coxa Saltans)

Overview Snapping Hip Syndrome (SHS) is characterized by an audible or palpable “snap” around the hip during motion; it may be painless or painful and can be unilateral or bilateral. Prevalence estimates suggest up to ~5–10% of the general population may experience snapping to some degree, with higher rates in dancers and athletes who work…

Chronic Granulomatous Disease 

Overview Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare, inherited primary immunodeficiency characterised by defective function of the NADPH oxidase enzyme complex in phagocytes, leading to failure of the oxidative burst required for intracellular killing of pathogens. This results in recurrent, often life-threatening bacterial and fungal infections, particularly with catalase-positive organisms, and predisposes to granuloma formation…

Fibromyalgia

Overview Fibromyalgia is a chronic, nociplastic pain condition characterised by widespread pain with prominent fatigue, sleep disturbance, and cognitive symptoms, reflecting altered central pain processing rather than tissue injury. Global prevalence is ~2–4%, higher in women, ages 20–60, and in those with mood/sleep disorders, obesity, low socioeconomic status, and comorbid rheumatic disease. Major complications include…

Systemic Sclerosis (SSc)

Overview Systemic sclerosis (SSc), also known as scleroderma, is a rare chronic autoimmune connective tissue disease characterized by f ibrosis, vasculopathy, and autoimmunity. It primarily affects the skin but can also involve the lungs, GI tract, kidneys, and heart. The estimated prevalence is 50–300 per million, with a female-to-male ratio of ~4:1, and peak onset…

Long-Term Complications of Diabetes (Overview)

Overview Classification Microvascular Complications Retinopathy Nephropathy Neuropathy Macrovascular Complications Coronary heart disease Cerebrovascular disease Diabetic foot Diabetic Retinopathy Overview Diabetes is the most common cause of blindness in the working population. Blindness is preventable. Annual retinal screening is advised for patients at risk. Pre-symptomatic screening enables laser photocoagulation to be used, aimed to stop production of…

Anklylosing Spondylitis (AS)

Overview Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic, progressive inflammatory arthritis that primarily affects the axial skeleton, especially the sacroiliac joints and spine. It is a subtype of the seronegative spondyloarthropathies and is characterised by inflammatory back pain, morning stiffness, and eventual spinal fusion in severe cases. AS often presents in young adults, typically males, and…

Umbilical Hernia

Overview Umbilical hernias are one of the most common surgical conditions in infants and children. In infantile umbilical hernia there is a pathological failure of obliteration of umbilical defect. Umbilical hernia can also occur in adults and is usually acquired due to increased intrabdominal pressure due to obesity, pregnancy, ascites. Management is surgery. Hernia:  A bulge or protrusion of…

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