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Archives: Diseases

Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis

Overview EGPA (formerly Churg-Strauss syndrome) is a rare, small-to-medium vessel necrotizing vasculitis characterized by asthma, eosinophilia, and extravascular granulomas. It commonly affects the lungs, skin, peripheral nerves, and heart. Annual…
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AC Joint Separation

Overview Acromioclavicular (AC) joint separation is a common shoulder injury, usually sustained from direct trauma such as a fall onto the tip of the shoulder. It involves varying degrees of…
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Hyperlipidaemia

Overview Hyperlipidaemia is an umbrella term which encompasses genetic and acquired disorders that raise lipid levels within the blood. Hyperlipidaemia does not independently cause clinical symptoms, rather can lead to…
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IgA Vasculitis (Henoch–Schönlein Purpura)

Overview Immunoglobulin A vasculitis (IgAV), also known as Henoch–Schönlein purpura, is the most common primary vasculitis in children (peak incidence 4–7 years), with seasonal peaks after upper respiratory tract infections.…
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Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis 

Overview Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly Wegener’s granulomatosis) is a rare, chronic, systemic necrotising vasculitis affecting small-to-medium-sized vessels, characterised by granulomatous inflammation, necrotising vasculitis, and tissue destruction, primarily involving the upper…
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Felty Syndrome

Overview Felty syndrome is a rare but serious extra-articular manifestation of long-standing, seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA), characterized by the classic triad of RA, splenomegaly, and neutropenia. It was first described…
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Osteomalacia / Rickets

Overview Osteomalacia (adults) and rickets (children) are disorders of impaired bone mineralisation leading to soft, poorly mineralised bone. It arises when there is insufficient calcium–phosphate supply to the mineralising matrix…
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Knee Osteoarthritis (KOA)

Overview Knee osteoarthritis is a chronic, whole-joint disorder characterized by pain, stiffness, functional limitation and progressive structural change affecting cartilage, subchondral bone, synovium, menisci, ligaments and peri-articular muscles. Prevalence rises…
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Hypermobility Syndromes

Overview Hypermobility Spectrum Disorder (HSD) describes symptomatic joint hypermobility with musculoskeletal (and sometimes systemic) consequences in people who do not meet the 2017 diagnostic criteria for hypermobile Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (hEDS)…
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Goodpasture Syndrome (Anti-GBM disease)

Overview Goodpasture syndrome, now more precisely termed anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease, is a rare autoimmune small-vessel vasculitis affecting lungs and kidneys, typically manifesting with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage and rapidly…
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