Cardiac surgery refers to surgical procedures performed on the heart or great vessels to treat conditions such as coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease, or congenital heart defects. It is crucial in clinical practice as it can significantly improve survival rates and quality of life for patients with serious cardiac conditions. A key example is coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), which addresses severe blockages in coronary arteries, potentially preventing myocardial infarction.