Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a condition characterized by the narrowing or blockage of coronary arteries due to atherosclerosis, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. It is clinically significant as it increases the risk of angina, myocardial infarction, and heart failure, impacting patient morbidity and mortality. A key association is the presence of risk factors such as hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, and diabetes, which exacerbate the disease process.