Hydroxychloroquine explained: how this disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) treats autoimmune conditions and why it’s first-line for systemic lupus erythematosus. Hydroxychloroquine (plaquenil) is an…

Autoimmune hepatitis as the name suggests is when the bodies own immune cells attack the liver cells resulting in inflammation. The disease may be asymptomatic (meaning no symptoms) or start as acute hepatitis…

The English surgeon Sir James Paget first described chronic inflammation of bone as osteitis deformans in 1877. Paget’s disease of bone is a disorder of bone remodelling where there is an increase in bone…

Inflammatory arthritis refers to a group of conditions characterised by a high number of white cells in the joints, causing inflammation, pain, redness, and swelling. Non-inflammatory arthritis typically refers…

Mitral valve prolapse is described as bulging of one or more of the mitral leaflets into the left atrium in systoleIt is said to be the MOST common valvular abnormality and often benign. 5% of the population…

Leflunomide is an immunosuppressant used to treat RA and psoriatic arthritis and Multiple sclerosis. Leflunomide is a prodrug that is rapidly and almost completely metabolized following oral administration to…

Calcineurin inhibitors such as tacrolimus and cyclosporine are immunosuppressants. They are used mainly to prevent organ transplant rejection in combination with mycophenolate and steroids as well used in…

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) explained: learn causes, signs, tests, and life-saving treatments. This video breaks down HLH, a hyperinflammatory syndrome where overactive macrophages and cytotoxic…

Learn about Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS), a rare autoimmune disorder affecting neuromuscular transmission due to impaired calcium channel function. This video explains its pathophysiology,…

Get a clear visual summary of COVID-19, covering how the SARS-CoV-2 virus spreads, infects cells, and affects the respiratory system. This video explains the timeline of infection, pathophysiology including…