0:00 In this video, we're going to look at lung cancer. 0:08 This is an overview of lung cancer and introduction. 0:12 Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. 0:17 Cigarettes are the major cause of lung cancer. 0:22 So what are some signs and symptoms of lung cancer? 0:25 Well, a person can experience fatigue, sudden weight loss, shortness of breath, 0:32 dyspnea, 0:33 chest pain, persistent cough, and hemoptosis, which is essentially coughing up 0:40 blood. 0:41 So here, I'm drawing blood in a sputum cup. 0:47 There are many risk factors for developing lung cancer. 0:50 These include cigarette smoking, which as I said is a major cause of lung 0:57 cancer, nickel, 1:01 arsenic being exposed to constant air pollution, radon, ta, and having a family 1:09 history or 1:10 personal history of lung cancer. 1:14 I also have not mentioned asbestos in this group. 1:21 Lung cancer can be divided into two main groups. 1:25 These are small cell carcinoma and non-small cell carcinoma. 1:30 Let us first look at small cell carcinoma. 1:34 Small cell carcinoma often presents already at its metastatic stage. 1:38 The tumour often grows approximately close to the highlum. 1:44 Small cell carcinoma also involve neuroendocrine cells, which we'll talk about 1:53 later. 1:54 Now looking at non-small cell carcinoma, there are three types. 2:00 Neurocarcinoma is the most common type of lung cancer and involves gland cells 2:05 such as 2:06 goblet cells. 2:08 Adenocarcinoma grows in the peripheral lung tissue. 2:14 The other two types of non-small cell carcinoma are squamous cell carcinoma, 2:18 which grows in 2:19 the proximal lung tissue close to the highlum, and then there's also large cell 2:25 carcinoma, 2:27 which as the name suggests are large tumours. 2:31 Large cell carcinoma can grow either proximally or in the peripheral lung 2:37 tissue. 2:38 If we were to take an x-ray of the chest of a person with lung cancer, here are 2:43 some 2:43 things that we could find. 2:46 One, pulmonary opacity, this shows us the growth itself. 2:53 In large men, there can be presence of plural effusion and even a collapsed 2:59 lung depending 3:01 on how big the tumour is. 3:09 Now some types of lung cancer can cause the cells of the lung to become neuro 3:15 endocrine 3:15 cells. 3:18 The formation of neuroendocrine cells can result in a phenomenon known as par 3:21 aneoplastic syndrome. 3:24 So here we have a cancer cell, which can become a neuroendocrine cancer cell. 3:31 Neuroendocrine cancer cells are found in certain types of lung cancer, in 3:37 particularly 3:38 small cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. 3:44 Neuroendocrine cancer cells can release hormone-like substances. 3:49 The main ones which I'll talk about are parathired hormone-like substance, ACTH 3:54 -like substance, 3:57 and antidiuretic hormone. 4:00 Essentially, neuroendocrine cancer cells mimic other hormones that are produced 4:05 normally 4:06 by our body. 4:09 So what do they do? Well, parathired hormone-like substance will target our 4:16 bones. 4:17 It will cause the bones to break down its minerals, releasing calcium into the 4:20 bloodstream, 4:21 thus increasing blood calcium levels, resulting in hypercalcemia. 4:27 ACTH-like substance will stimulate the adrenal glands to produce more cortisol, 4:32 resulting 4:32 in stress and increased in sympathetic activity. 4:36 ADH will target our kidneys, and will stimulate the nephrons to re-uptake water 4:43 , thus increasing 4:45 water retention. 4:48 So that was an introduction to lung cancer, thank you for watching.
