Medical science, drawn into focus.

Renal Cell Carcinoma

Overview Renal cell carcinomas (originate within the renal cortex) are responsible for 85% of all primary renal neoplasms. Transitional cell carcinomas of the renal pelvis are the next most common (~8%). Renal medullary carcinoma is a rare form of RCC seen in sickle cell disease. The most common pathological type of renal cell carcinoma is clear cell…

Nephritic Syndrome

Overview Nephritic syndrome is one of two clinical patterns seen in glomerular disease. Nephritic Syndrome is characterised by haematuria, proteinuria, hypertension and oligouria. Nephritic syndrome can be further classified based on light microscopic features: Focal Diffuse Glomerular Disease: Disease effecting the glomerulus. Glomerular disease reduces the ability of the kidneys to maintain a balance of certain substances in…

Stroke (Ischaemic and Haemorrhagic)

Overview Third most common cause of death worldwide and most common cause of neurological disability. It is subdivided into ischaemic stroke (caused by vascular occlusion or stenosis) and haemorrhagic stroke (caused by vascular rupture, resulting in intra-parenchymal and/or subarachnoid haemorrhage). Stroke: Acute onset of a focal neurologic deficit due to a cerebral infarction or hemorrhage. Transient Ischaemic…

Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Disease (UCTD)

Overview UCTD is a systemic autoimmune disease with features of connective tissue disease (CTD), but does not fulfill classification criteria for any specific CTD such as SLE, Sjögren’s syndrome, systemic sclerosis, or polymyositis. It is a diagnosis of exclusion used for patients with persistent autoimmune features who do not evolve into a defined CTD. Commonly…

Diverticular Disease

Overview Diverticula of the colon consist of outpouchings of mucous membrane through the muscle wall of the bowel. In the colon, diverticula are found most commonly in the sigmoid and descending colon, and become increasingly rare in passing from the left to the right side of the colon. They are unusual before the age of 40…

Delivery (Labour) and Delivery Complications

Normal Labour Labour: Cervical change accompanied by regular uterine contractions Abnormal Labour (Dystocia or arrest): Any deviation from the definition of normal labour "Show":  As a result of the dilatation of the cervix, the operculum, which formed the cervical plug during pregnancy is lost. The women may see a blood stained mucoid discharge hours before,…

Acute Respiratory Failure

Overview  Acute Respiratory failure causes hypoxia and/or impaired ventilation with hypercapnia, leading to severe hypoxemia and rapid deterioration. Two main types of respiratory failure: Type I respiratory failure (non-hypercapniec respiratory failure) Primarily from failure of oxygenation (PaO2 <60mmHg) Normal or low CO2 pH 7.5 Usually responds to Oxygen therapy Type II respiratory failure (hypercapniec respiratory…

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