Medical science, drawn into focus.

Dementia

Overview Dementia is a disorder that is characterized by impairment of cognition, typically involving memory and at least one other cognitive deficit, such as aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, or disturbance in executive functioning. These must represent a decline from previous level of function and be severe enough to interfere with daily function and independence. Decrease in intellectual…

Congenital Heart Defect

Overview Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common congenital disorder in newborns. Classification Acyanotic and Cyanotic Pulmonary blood flow Increased Decreased Normal Cyanotic (T's) Acynotic (D's) T etralogy of Fallot AS D T ransposition of the great vessles VS D T ricuspid atresia AVS D T runcus arteriosus Patent D uctus Arteriosus   Other:…

Kawasaki Disease

Overview Kawasaki disease is an acute systemic vasculitis affecting small and medium-sized vessels predominantly affecting children under 5 years old. It is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children in developed countries. Kawasaki is often self-limiting, but 20–25% risk of coronary artery aneurysms if untreated 1 . Vasculitis : Inflammation of blood vessel…

Hydroxyapatite Deposition Disease 

Overview Hydroxyapatite Deposition Disease (HADD) is a crystal-induced tendinopathy caused by the deposition of hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals, typically in periarticular soft tissues, especially tendons and bursae. The shoulder (supraspinatus tendon) is most commonly affected. It often presents between ages 30–60, more frequently in women. While often asymptomatic, it can cause acute pain and functional limitation…

Polyarteritis Nodosa 

Overview Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN) is a necrotising vasculitis that affects medium-sized muscular arteries, leading to transmural inflammation, fibrinoid necrosis, and subsequent aneurysm formation or ischemia. It does not involve arterioles, capillaries, or venules, and is not associated with ANCA. PAN can affect any organ except the lungs. It typically presents in middle-aged adults, more commonly…

Pneumonia

Overview Pneumonia is infection in the lower respiratory tract and is characterised by fevers, purulent sputum, leucocytosis, low oxygen levels and new lung infiltrates (consolidation) on radiographic imaging. The infection is identified by the site of consolidation. Consolidation is where the lung tissue is filled with fluid (ie. water, blood, pus, microbes). Types of pneumonia…

Stroke (Ischaemic and Haemorrhagic)

Overview Third most common cause of death worldwide and most common cause of neurological disability. It is subdivided into ischaemic stroke (caused by vascular occlusion or stenosis) and haemorrhagic stroke (caused by vascular rupture, resulting in intra-parenchymal and/or subarachnoid haemorrhage). Stroke: Acute onset of a focal neurologic deficit due to a cerebral infarction or hemorrhage. Transient Ischaemic…

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