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Hyperemesis Gravidarum

Overview Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) exists on a spectrum of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (NVP). NVP refers to symptoms of nausea, vomiting or dry retching commencing in the first trimester, with no other cause identified. 1 HG refers to severe, persistent vomiting that may result in malnutrition, dehydration, weight loss and debility due to illness.…

Hydroxyapatite Deposition Disease 

Overview Hydroxyapatite Deposition Disease (HADD) is a crystal-induced tendinopathy caused by the deposition of hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals, typically in periarticular soft tissues, especially tendons and bursae. The shoulder (supraspinatus tendon) is most commonly affected. It often presents between ages 30–60, more frequently in women. While often asymptomatic, it can cause acute pain and functional limitation…

Primary Hypothyroidism

Overview Hypothyroidism: Variety of abnormalities that cause insufficient secretion of thyroid hormones. The most common cause is autoimmune thyroid disease Primary Hypothyroidism : Clinical state resulting from underproduction of T4 and T3. Low free T4 with an elevated TSH is diagnostic of primary hypothyroidism. Autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto's disease) is the most common cause of primary hypothyroidism.…

Hydatidiform Mole (Molar Pregnancy)

Overview Hydatidiform moles are part of a group of diseases falling under gestational trophoblastic disease. A hydatidiform mole refers to the abnormal growth of trophoblastic cells in the placenta, resulting in edematous placental villi that form hydatidiform structures. It is classified as either partial or complete, causing either abnormal foetal development (resulting in foetal demise)…

Liver Cirrhosis Complications

Portal Hypertension Overview   Normal portal vein pressure is 5–10mmHg. Portal hypertension develops when the portal pressure is greater than 12mmHg. Mechanism of disease Increased Intrahepatic resistance of blood flow through the liver due to cirrhosis Increased splanchnic blood flow secondary to vasodilation leading to increased portal flow through liver Cirrhosis is the most common…

Carotid Artery Disease

Overview Carotid artery disease refers to atherosclerotic narrowing of the carotid artery lumen. It is associated with approximately 10-15% of all ischaemic strokes. Stroke is the third leading cause of death and a principal cause of long-term disability in much of the industrialised world. The degree of internal carotid artery stenosis is the most important…

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Overview Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, multisystem autoimmune disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies and the deposition of immune complexes in various tissues. It predominantly affects women of childbearing age, with a female-to-male ratio of approximately 9:1. The disease is more prevalent among individuals of African, Asian, and Hispanic descent, and its…

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