Overview Hypermobility Spectrum Disorder (HSD) describes symptomatic joint hypermobility with musculoskeletal (and sometimes systemic) consequences in people who do not meet the 2017 diagnostic criteria…

Overview Rheumatoid pleural effusion (RPE) is an uncommon extra‑articular manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), occurring in ~2–5% of patients, more often in middle‑aged men with high rheumatoid factor…

Overview Post‑splenectomy immunodeficiency refers to the increased susceptibility to infection following removal (or functional loss) of the spleen. The spleen plays a critical role in filtering bloodborne…

Overview Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown cause, characterised by the formation of non‑caseating granulomas in affected organs. Pulmonary involvement occurs in ~90% of patients,…

Overview Rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD) is a serious extra-articular manifestation of RA, affecting up to 10% of RA patients clinically, though subclinical involvement may…

Overview Sjögren’s-associated interstitial lung disease (Sjögren’s-ILD) is a significant extra-glandular manifestation of primary Sjögren’s disease (pSS), occurring in ~9–20% of patients clinically, with…