Overview UCTD is a systemic autoimmune disease with features of connective tissue disease (CTD), but does not fulfill classification criteria for any specific CTD such as SLE, Sjögren’s syndrome, systemic…

Overview Paget’s disease of bone (PDB) is a chronic skeletal disorder characterised by focal areas of accelerated and disorganised bone remodelling. The disease begins with excessive osteoclastic bone resorption…

Overview Rheumatoid pleural effusion (RPE) is an uncommon extra‑articular manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), occurring in ~2–5% of patients, more often in middle‑aged men with high rheumatoid factor…

Overview Post‑splenectomy immunodeficiency refers to the increased susceptibility to infection following removal (or functional loss) of the spleen. The spleen plays a critical role in filtering bloodborne…

Overview Bowel obstruction is a blockage of intestinal contents, either mechanical (e.g., adhesions, hernias, malignancy) or functional (e.g., ileus), leading to impaired transit, proximal dilation, and…

Overview Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown cause, characterised by the formation of non‑caseating granulomas in affected organs. Pulmonary involvement occurs in ~90% of patients,…

Overview Rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD) is a serious extra-articular manifestation of RA, affecting up to 10% of RA patients clinically, though subclinical involvement may…

Overview Sjögren’s-associated interstitial lung disease (Sjögren’s-ILD) is a significant extra-glandular manifestation of primary Sjögren’s disease (pSS), occurring in ~9–20% of patients clinically, with…

Overview Takayasu arteritis is a rare, chronic large-vessel vasculitis primarily affecting the aorta and its major branches, leading to stenosis, occlusion, or aneurysm formation. It most commonly affects…