Medical science, drawn into focus.

Cervical Cancer

Overview Cervical cancer is an HPV-related malignancy of the uterine cervical mucosa. Most cervical tumours contain HPV DNA (99.7%) . There are many variants of HPV, HPV-16 and 18 are the 2 most common high-risk types.  Cervical cancer is proceeded by an idenifiable precursor lesion (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN1)) that may progress to invasive cancer. CIN can…

Henoch–Schönlein Purpura (IgA Vasculitis)

Overview Henoch–Schönlein purpura (HSP), now termed IgA vasculitis, is the most common systemic vasculitis in children, characterised by IgA1-dominant immune complex deposition in small vessels, particularly affecting the skin, joints, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys. It predominantly occurs in children aged 3–10 years, with a slight male predominance, and often follows an upper respiratory tract infection.…

Resuscitation of Newborn

Overview The successful transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life is dependent upon significant physiologic changes that occur at birth. Successful transition – 90% Need some intervention – 10% Require extensive resuscitative measures -  1% High-risk delivery Infants who are more likely to require resuscitation can be identified by the presence of one or more of…

Chronic Lower Limb Ischaemia: Intermittent Claudication

Overview Chronic lower limb ischemia can be classified using the Fontaine classification: I – asymptomatic II – intermittent claudication III – rest pain IV – ulcers/gangrene Grades III and IV are classified as Critical Limb Ischemia. Intermittent claudication is a type of chronic lower limb ischemia that presents with muscle pain on exercise and is…

Dementia

Overview Dementia is a disorder that is characterized by impairment of cognition, typically involving memory and at least one other cognitive deficit, such as aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, or disturbance in executive functioning. These must represent a decline from previous level of function and be severe enough to interfere with daily function and independence. Decrease in intellectual…

Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome

Overview Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is a rare autoimmune disorder of the presynaptic neuromuscular junction. It causes impaired acetylcholine release, producing the characteristic triad of proximal muscle weakness, reduced reflexes and autonomic dysfunction. LEMS may occur as a paraneoplastic syndrome—most commonly associated with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC)—or as a non-tumour-associated autoimmune disorder.  Neuromuscular junction: connection…

Community Acquired Pneumonia

Overview Community acquired pneumonia occur in individuals who are not in hospital (or have been in hospital in the past 48 hours) and who are not significantly immunocompromised. The World Health Organization estimates that lower respiratory tract infection is the most common infectious cause of death in the world. Choice of antibiotics are usually empirical…

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