Medical science, drawn into focus.

Non-Febrile Seizures (Epilepsy)

This section will mainly focus on Paediatric Epilepsy (NOT FEBRILE SEIZURES) Children and Adults can have seizures because of metabolic disturbances, trauma or being in a febrile state. This does mean they have epilepsy. Epilepsy is a condition characterised by the tendency for recurrent seizures. Presents when at least 2 unprovoked seizures occur >24 hours apart. Overview…

Osteomalacia / Rickets

Overview Osteomalacia (adults) and rickets (children) are disorders of impaired bone mineralisation leading to soft, poorly mineralised bone. It arises when there is insufficient calcium–phosphate supply to the mineralising matrix due to vitamin D deficiency, calcium deficiency, phosphate deficiency (often FGF23-mediated). Nutritional rickets still occurs worldwide, while hypophosphataemic forms (e.g., XLH, tumour-induced osteomalacia) are rarer…

Cystic Fibrosis

  Overview Cystic fibrosis causes the dehydration of the mucus lumen causing thick sticky mucus to build up. This occurs mainly the lungs, causing productive cough and increasing rates in respiratory infections, and the pancreas causing pancreatic dysfunction. Cystic fibrosis occurs due to a mutation in the CFTR gene. Salty sweat is also another important characteristic…

Anklylosing Spondylitis (AS)

Overview Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic, progressive inflammatory arthritis that primarily affects the axial skeleton, especially the sacroiliac joints and spine. It is a subtype of the seronegative spondyloarthropathies and is characterised by inflammatory back pain, morning stiffness, and eventual spinal fusion in severe cases. AS often presents in young adults, typically males, and…

Urinary Incontinence

Overview Urinary incontinence is an important condition because it causes significant distress. Approximately 15% of the general female adult population have a significant problem with urinary incontinence. Urinary incontinence: Defined as the condition in which there is invontary loss of urine, which can be objectively demonstrated and which is a social or hygienic problem. Stress…

Colorectal Cancer

Overview Colon cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer. 1/12 people will develop bowel cancer before the age of 85. However, there are Survival rates are increasing. Early bowel cancer is cured by surgery alone (screening is important!!). If untreated, or diagnosed when distance metastases are present, >98% pf patients die in <5 years. Polyps: …

Interstitial Lung Disease

Overview Interstitial Lung Disease is also known as Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease (DPLD). A Heterogeneous collection of restrictive lung conditions (>100) that primarily (or at least initially) disrupt the pulmonary interstitium. Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) are grouped together as they share similar pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical features and radiological findings. Pulmonary Interstitium: Intervening structural tissue between the alveoli space and pulmonary…

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