Medical science, drawn into focus.

Polycystic Kidney Disease

Overview The polycystic kidney diseases are among the most common life-threatening inherited diseases worldwide and frequently cause kidney failure. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is seen predominantly in adults, whereas autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is mainly a disease of childhood. For ADPKD, screening asymptomatic at-risk adults with a family history by ultrasound…

Delirium

Overview Delirium is a neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by a disturbance in consciousness and cognition. It typically presents as an acute confusional state , with inattention as its core symptom. Unfortunately, the diagnosis of delirium is often delayed or missed, especially the hypoactive form that is common in older persons. Delirium : Cognitive impairment typically caused…

Fibromyalgia

Overview Fibromyalgia is a chronic, nociplastic pain condition characterised by widespread pain with prominent fatigue, sleep disturbance, and cognitive symptoms, reflecting altered central pain processing rather than tissue injury. Global prevalence is ~2–4%, higher in women, ages 20–60, and in those with mood/sleep disorders, obesity, low socioeconomic status, and comorbid rheumatic disease. Major complications include…

Delivery (Labour) and Delivery Complications

Normal Labour Labour: Cervical change accompanied by regular uterine contractions Abnormal Labour (Dystocia or arrest): Any deviation from the definition of normal labour "Show":  As a result of the dilatation of the cervix, the operculum, which formed the cervical plug during pregnancy is lost. The women may see a blood stained mucoid discharge hours before,…

Shoulder Impingement Syndrome (Subacromial Pain Syndrome)

Overview Shoulder impingement syndrome, now more commonly referred to as subacromial pain syndrome (SAPS) , is one of the most frequent causes of shoulder pain. It accounts for ~40–65% of shoulder complaints in primary care and sports medicine settings. It occurs due to mechanical compression of the rotator cuff tendons (most commonly supraspinatus) and subacromial…

Miscarriage

Overview Miscarriage:  Spontaneous abortion, or miscarriage, is defined as a clinically recognized pregnancy loss before the 20th week of gestation. Others define it as expulsion or extraction of an embryo or fetus weighing 500 g or less Abortion:  After 20weeks Threatened miscarriage: A pregnancy less than 20 weeks’ gestation associated with vaginal bleeding, generally without cervical dilation.…

Leukaemia

Overview  Leukemia is a common malignancy in children and adults that occurs when alterations in normal cell regulatory processes cause uncontrolled proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. Leukaemia:  Clonal proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow Acute Leukaemia:  Clonal proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow that develops…

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