Medical science, drawn into focus.

Aneurysm

Overview An aneurysm is an abnormal localised dilatation of a blood vessel with at least 50% increase in diameter compared to its normal diameter. It is seen more often in arteries compared to veins. Aneurysms are usually asymptomatic until they are very large or they rupture. A ruptured aneurysm can cause massive bleeding and death.…

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Overview ARDS is an acute, diffuse, inflammatory lung injury that leads to increased pulmonary vascular permeability, increased lung weight, and a loss of aerated tissue. Clinical hallmarks of ARDS are hypoxemia and bilateral radiographic opacities, while the pathological hallmark is diffuse alveolar damage. Pathophysiology Aetiology Indirect lung injury: sepsis, shock, trauma, pancreatitis, drug OD, intracranial haemorrhage,…

Hyper-IgE Syndrome (Job’s Syndrome)

Overview Hyper-IgE syndrome (HIES) is a rare primary immunodeficiency characterised by markedly elevated serum IgE, recurrent staphylococcal skin and lung infections, eczema, and connective tissue/ skeletal abnormalities. Most commonly caused by autosomal dominant mutations in STAT3 , it results in impaired Th17 cell differentiation and defective neutrophil chemotaxis. Autosomal recessive forms (DOCK8, TYK2 mutations) present…

Enteropathic Arthritis

Overview Enteropathic arthritis is a subtype of spondyloarthropathy associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), particularly Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. It affects up to 20% of IBD patients, with a variable presentation involving axial and/or peripheral joints. The arthritis may run parallel to intestinal disease activity or occur independently, often with enthesitis or dactylitis. It…

Paget’s Disease of Bone

Overview Paget’s disease of bone (PDB) is a chronic skeletal disorder characterised by focal areas of accelerated and disorganised bone remodelling. The disease begins with excessive osteoclastic bone resorption followed by a compensatory increase in osteoblastic bone formation. The result is structurally weak, enlarged, and deformed bone that is prone to fracture and complications such…

Pregnancy (not a disease)

Overview Pregnancy – Overview Physiological Changes in Pregnancy Uterus, Vagina and Breast Physiology changes Uterus (Cervix + Isthmus + Body of uterus) Muscle hypertrophy til 20weeks then stretching till term. Uterine and ovarian arteries undergo hypertrophy Cervix Reduced collagen → allows dilatation Hypertrophy of cervical glands → thick mucus plug Uterine body ↑size, shape, shape and consitency Increases…

Spermatocele

Overview  A spermatocele, or spermatic cyst, is a benign fluid-filled cyst arising from the epididymis, usually near the upper pole of the testis. It commonly contains clear or milky fluid with spermatozoa. Most spermatoceles are painless, discovered incidentally and do not require treatment. Epididymis: coiled structure behind the testis that stores and transports sperm. Spermatocele:…

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