Medical science, drawn into focus.

Anaphylaxis 

Overview Anaphylaxis is a severe, systemic hypersensitivity reaction that is rapid in onset and potentially fatal, most often triggered by foods, medications, or venom; global incidence is ~50–112 per 100,000 person-years with rising emergency presentations in many regions, including Australia [1,2,4] .  Mortality is low but non-trivial and is driven by airway obstruction, severe bronchospasm,…

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia

Overview Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL) is a malignancy of lymphoid cells. The two main ALL is T-cells ALL and B-cells ALL. In ALL there is uncontrolled proliferation of immature lymphoblasts in the bone marrow leading to overcrowding affecting other cell lineage. It is the commonest cancer in childhood, rare in adults and has a strong associated with…

Liver Abscess

Author  Areej Zeeshan Ahmed Dr. Armando Faigl (editor) Overview Collection of pus forming a mass in the liver as a result of infection. Mainly divided into two types Pyogenic Amoebic Route of infection Biliary tract (most common) Gallstones Cholangitis Congenital anomaly causing to bile stasis Portal Vein Peritonitis Hepatic artery Trauma Penetrating Non-penetrating can cause…

Aortic Regurgitation (incompetence)

Overview Aortic regurgitation (AR) is backward flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole because the aortic valve does not close completely. AR may result from disease of the valve leaflets, dilatation of the aortic root or both. Chronic AR causes progressive left-ventricular volume overload and dilatation, whereas acute severe AR…

Shoulder Impingement Syndrome (Subacromial Pain Syndrome)

Overview Shoulder impingement syndrome, now more commonly referred to as subacromial pain syndrome (SAPS) , is one of the most frequent causes of shoulder pain. It accounts for ~40–65% of shoulder complaints in primary care and sports medicine settings. It occurs due to mechanical compression of the rotator cuff tendons (most commonly supraspinatus) and subacromial…

Obesity

Overview Overweight and obesity are common worldwide and are associated with many conditions, particularly diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia. Overweight and obesity are defined as a moral or excessive fat accusation that presents a risk to health Obesity is now dramatically on the rise in low and middle-income countries. Management should include diet, physical activity, and…

Polyarteritis Nodosa 

Overview Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN) is a necrotising vasculitis that affects medium-sized muscular arteries, leading to transmural inflammation, fibrinoid necrosis, and subsequent aneurysm formation or ischemia. It does not involve arterioles, capillaries, or venules, and is not associated with ANCA. PAN can affect any organ except the lungs. It typically presents in middle-aged adults, more commonly…

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