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Liver Cirrhosis Complications

Portal Hypertension Overview   Normal portal vein pressure is 5–10mmHg. Portal hypertension develops when the portal pressure is greater than 12mmHg. Mechanism of disease Increased Intrahepatic resistance of blood flow through the liver due to cirrhosis Increased splanchnic blood flow secondary to vasodilation leading to increased portal flow through liver Cirrhosis is the most common…

Cardiac Arrest (including post-arrest care)

Overview Cardiac arrest is a state of circulatory failure due to a loss of cardiac systolic function. It is the result of 4 specific cardiac rhythm disturbances: Ventricular fibrillation Pulseless ventricular tachycardia Pulseless Electrical activity Asystole Epidemiology Survival is estimated at <20% for patients presenting out-of-hospital with VF, and <10% overall for patients presenting with…

Adult onset Still's Disease

Overview Adult Onset Still’s Disease (AOSD) is a complex multisystemic autoinflammatory disease characterised by recurrent episodes of spiking fever (> 39–40°C), pink–salmon transient skin rash, and the presence of arthralgia or polyarthritis. First described by Eric Bywaters in 1971 it closely resembles systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (Still’s disease). retrospective observational study in Japan found…

Henoch–Schönlein Purpura (IgA Vasculitis)

Overview Henoch–Schönlein purpura (HSP), now termed IgA vasculitis, is the most common systemic vasculitis in children, characterised by IgA1-dominant immune complex deposition in small vessels, particularly affecting the skin, joints, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys. It predominantly occurs in children aged 3–10 years, with a slight male predominance, and often follows an upper respiratory tract infection.…

Generalised Anxiety Disorder

DSM V categorise these as seperate disorders Depressive disorders Bipolar disorders Anxiety disorders Anxiety Disorders Generalised Anxiety Disorder Specific Phobia Agoraphobia Social Anxiety Disorder Panic Disorder This will mainly focus on Generalised Anxiety Disorder and touches on Panic Disorder . Overview Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) can be defined as anxiety and worry about several events…

Snapping Hip Syndrome (Coxa Saltans)

Overview Snapping Hip Syndrome (SHS) is characterized by an audible or palpable “snap” around the hip during motion; it may be painless or painful and can be unilateral or bilateral. Prevalence estimates suggest up to ~5–10% of the general population may experience snapping to some degree, with higher rates in dancers and athletes who work…

Substance Dependence (Addiction), Withdrawal and Overdose

Overview of addition medicine. This section is a brief introduction to substance abuse, followed by section that look at specific drugs of addiction. Substance Misuse: Consumption above designated low risk levels Substance Abuse: repetitive substance use resulting in social complications (financial, occupational and legal) Substance Tolerance: Defined by either of the following: a need for…

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