Medical science, drawn into focus.

Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

Overview Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm, also known as AAA, is a permanent dilation of the abdominal aorta with a diameter of >1.5 times of the expected diameter. The adopted diameter that indicates AAA is 3cm or more. AAA is strongly associated with smoking and increasing age. Most of these aneurysms are fusiform and originate below the…

Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease 

Overview Systemic sclerosis–associated interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD) is one of the most common and severe internal organ manifestations of systemic sclerosis (SSc), occurring in up to 50–60% of patients on HRCT, with clinically significant disease in ~25–30%. It is a major cause of SSc-related mortality. The most frequent histopathological pattern is nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP),…

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Overview Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a non-malignant enlargement of the prostate gland. There is an increase in stromal and glandular components. Anatomy The prostate is an male organ that sits inferior to the bladder and surrounds the first part of the urethra. It is oval shaped and approximately 4cm thick. The prostate gland is…

Hydroxyapatite Deposition Disease 

Overview Hydroxyapatite Deposition Disease (HADD) is a crystal-induced tendinopathy caused by the deposition of hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals, typically in periarticular soft tissues, especially tendons and bursae. The shoulder (supraspinatus tendon) is most commonly affected. It often presents between ages 30–60, more frequently in women. While often asymptomatic, it can cause acute pain and functional limitation…

Parturition and Routine Care

Overview Parturition Physiology Preterm:  defined as babies born alive before 37 weeks of pregnancy are completed. Term:  defined as babies born alive after 37 weeks and before 42 weeks Postterm (induced for labour):  defined as babies born alive after 42 weeks. Birthweight Low birth weight: <2500g regardless of age Very low birth weight: <1500g regardless of…

Pertussis

Author Megan Miner Armando Faigl Overview Pertussis, also known as “whooping cough”, is a contagious, acute respiratory infection caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. In babies, the infection can sometimes lead to pneumonia and occasionally brain damage and can even be life threatening. Older children and adults can get whooping cough and can spread it…

Rhinosinusitis

Overview Rhinosinusitis is one of the more prevalent chronic illnesses worldwide, affecting individuals of all ages. It is an inflammatory process that involves the nose and paranasal sinuses. Rhinosinusitis may be acute or chronic. Chronic rhinosinusitis can be subject to acute exacerbations. Rhinitis:  Irritation and inflammation of the mucosa lining the nasal cavity Sinusitis: Inflammation…

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