Medical science, drawn into focus.

Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia (GAVE)

Overview Gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE, “watermelon stomach”) is a rare but important cause of non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding, often presenting with chronic iron-deficiency anaemia or recurrent overt bleeding in older adults, particularly women [1–4]. It is frequently associated with systemic conditions such as liver cirrhosis (~30% of cases) and autoimmune/connective-tissue disease (especially systemic sclerosis).…

Anaphylaxis 

Overview Anaphylaxis is a severe, systemic hypersensitivity reaction that is rapid in onset and potentially fatal, most often triggered by foods, medications, or venom; global incidence is ~50–112 per 100,000 person-years with rising emergency presentations in many regions, including Australia [1,2,4] .  Mortality is low but non-trivial and is driven by airway obstruction, severe bronchospasm,…

Non-Febrile Seizures (Epilepsy)

This section will mainly focus on Paediatric Epilepsy (NOT FEBRILE SEIZURES) Children and Adults can have seizures because of metabolic disturbances, trauma or being in a febrile state. This does mean they have epilepsy. Epilepsy is a condition characterised by the tendency for recurrent seizures. Presents when at least 2 unprovoked seizures occur >24 hours apart. Overview…

Henoch–Schönlein Purpura (IgA Vasculitis)

Overview Henoch–Schönlein purpura (HSP), now termed IgA vasculitis, is the most common systemic vasculitis in children, characterised by IgA1-dominant immune complex deposition in small vessels, particularly affecting the skin, joints, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys. It predominantly occurs in children aged 3–10 years, with a slight male predominance, and often follows an upper respiratory tract infection.…

Cryoglobulinaemic Vasculitis

Overview Cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis is an immune complex–mediated small to medium vessel vasculitis caused by circulating cryoglobulins—immunoglobulins that precipitate below 37 °C and redissolve on warming. These immune complexes deposit in vessel walls, activate complement (typically with marked C4 consumption), and drive leukocytoclastic vasculitis. “Mixed” CV (types II and III) is most often linked to hepatitis…

Liver Mass I Tumour

Author Armando Faigl MBBS Areej zeeshan Overview Liver tumors are divided into Benign and Malignant. Most liver tumors are benign, asymptomatic and found incidentally on unrelated imaging. Malignant liver tumours are associated with risk factors (Hep C, Cirrhosis) and present with a spectrum of clinical signs and symptoms such as right upper quadrant pain and…

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) 

Overview CRPS is a disproportionate, regional pain syndrome of a limb that typically follows injury or surgery and features sensory, vasomotor, sudomotor/oedema, and motor/trophic changes. The prevalence after limb fracture/surgery varies widely (≈1–7% overall, higher in some distal radius cohorts) and early recognition with rehabilitation improves outcome. Important risk factors include fracture (especially wrist/ankle), immobilisation,…

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