Medical science, drawn into focus.

Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)

Overview Atopic dermatitis is a chronic highly pruritic (itchy) inflammatory skin disease. Atopic dermatitis and eczema are often used synonymously. Atopic dermatitis primarily affect young children and is often associated with other atopic disorders, such as allergic rhinitis and asthma. The prevalence of atopic dermatitis has doubled or tripled in industrialised countries during the past three decades.…

Cerebral Palsy

Overview Cerebral palsy is a non-Progressive neurological disorder. Usually with significant motor component. Clinical presentation overtime changes due to increased developmental challenges.Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common physical disability in childhood. Prevalence is about 1 – 3/ 1000 live births. Cerebral palsy can affect: Cerebral cortex – causing spasticity Basal ganglia – causing dyskinesia…

Hydrocephalus

Overview Hydrocephalus is excessive accumulation of CSF in the cerebral ventricles. In children, look for increasing head circumference, increased intracranial pressure, a bulging fontanelle, scalp vein engorgement, and paralysis of upward gaze. The most common causes include: Congenital malformations Tumors Inflammation (i.e hemorrhage, meningitis). Treat the underlying cause, if possible; otherwise a surgical shunt is created…

Congenital Heart Defect

Overview Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common congenital disorder in newborns. Classification Acyanotic and Cyanotic Pulmonary blood flow Increased Decreased Normal Cyanotic (T's) Acynotic (D's) T etralogy of Fallot AS D T ransposition of the great vessles VS D T ricuspid atresia AVS D T runcus arteriosus Patent D uctus Arteriosus   Other:…

Spermatocele

Overview  A spermatocele, or spermatic cyst, is a benign fluid-filled cyst arising from the epididymis, usually near the upper pole of the testis. It commonly contains clear or milky fluid with spermatozoa. Most spermatoceles are painless, discovered incidentally and do not require treatment. Epididymis: coiled structure behind the testis that stores and transports sperm. Spermatocele:…

Delivery (Labour) and Delivery Complications

Normal Labour Labour: Cervical change accompanied by regular uterine contractions Abnormal Labour (Dystocia or arrest): Any deviation from the definition of normal labour "Show":  As a result of the dilatation of the cervix, the operculum, which formed the cervical plug during pregnancy is lost. The women may see a blood stained mucoid discharge hours before,…

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Overview ARDS is an acute, diffuse, inflammatory lung injury that leads to increased pulmonary vascular permeability, increased lung weight, and a loss of aerated tissue. Clinical hallmarks of ARDS are hypoxemia and bilateral radiographic opacities, while the pathological hallmark is diffuse alveolar damage. Pathophysiology Aetiology Indirect lung injury: sepsis, shock, trauma, pancreatitis, drug OD, intracranial haemorrhage,…

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