Medical science, drawn into focus.

Acute Liver (Hepatic) Failure

Overview Acute liver failure is a rare but life-threatening critical illness that occurs most often in patients who do not have preexisting liver disease. Acute liver failure is seen most commonly in previously healthy adults in their 30s and presents unique challenges in clinical management. The clinical presentation usually includes hepatic dysfunction, abnormal liver biochemical…

Meniscal Tear

Overview Medial and lateral knee joint menisci serve to transfer load and absorb shock, aid joint stability and provide lubrication. The meniscus is the most commonly injured structure in the knee joint. Acute tears occurs after axial loading combined with rotation. People may complain of a sensation of clicking or catching of the knee with…

Mesenteric Ischaemia

Aetiology and Risk Factors Aetiology Acute mesenteric ischemia can result from occlusion of a mesenteric vessel arising from an embolus, which may emanate from an atheroma of the aorta or cardiac mural thrombus, or from primary thrombosis of a mesenteric vessel, usually at a site of atherosclerotic stenosis. Embolic occlusion is more common in the…

Goodpasture Syndrome (Anti-GBM disease)

Overview Goodpasture syndrome, now more precisely termed anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease , is a rare autoimmune small-vessel vasculitis affecting lungs and kidneys, typically manifesting with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis.  Microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) has an estimated incidence of approximately 0.5 to 1.8 cases per million per year. It demonstrates a bimodal age…

Thyroiditis

Overview Thyroiditis: Varied group of disorder all characterized by some form of thyroid inflammation Hyperthyroidism:  denote conditions in which hyperfunction of the thyroid leads to thyrotoxicosis. Hypothyroidism:  Variety of abnormalities that cause insufficient secretion of thyroid hormones. The most common cause is autoimmune thyroid disease Thyrotoxicosis:  denotes the clinical, physiological, and biochemical findings that result…

Bronchiectasis

Overview Bronchiectasis was a common disabling and fatal condition in the pre-antibiotic era and remains more common in medically underserved regions of the world. Irreversible dilatation of airways due to in ammatory destruction of airway walls resulting from persistently infected mucus. Bronchiectasis usually affects medium sized airways Bronchiectasis:  Bronchiectasis is the permanent dilation of bronchi…

Somatoform Disorders

Overview Doctors and patients often experience frustration and helplessness in consultations around medically unexplained symptoms. Up to 50 percent of primary care patients present with physical symptoms that cannot be explained by a general medical condition. Although most do not meet the strict psychiatric diagnostic criteria for one of the somatoform disorders, they can be referred to…

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