Medical science, drawn into focus.

Enteropathic Arthritis

Overview Enteropathic arthritis is a subtype of spondyloarthropathy associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), particularly Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. It affects up to 20% of IBD patients, with a variable presentation involving axial and/or peripheral joints. The arthritis may run parallel to intestinal disease activity or occur independently, often with enthesitis or dactylitis. It…

Asthma

Overview Asthma is a chronic airway inflammation disorder due to complex interactions between inflammatory cells, mediators and airway cells. In young children in whom lung function testing is not feasible, including most preschool children, asthma is defined by the presence of variable respiratory symptoms. Asthma is one of the most common causes of presentation to the Emergency…

Tonsilitis

Overview Tonsillitis is inflammation or infection of the tonsils. Tonsils are lymphoid tissues that are situated on both side of the throat. Generally, the palatine tonsil are referred to as "the tonsils". Tonsils: Collections of lymphoid tissue at the entrance to the pharynx, on either side of the uvula (the palatine tonsils). There are also…

Goitre and Nodules

Overview Goitre refers to an enlarged thyroid gland. Thyroid nodules are common in the general population, especially in women. Goitre results from follicular cell hyperplasia at one or multiple sites within the thyroid gland. Goitre can be classified based on morphology into diffuse or nodular. Nodular thyroid denotes the presence of single or multiple palpable…

Biceps Tendon Rupture

Overview A biceps tendon rupture is a partial or complete tear of the tendon attaching the biceps muscle to the shoulder or elbow.  Proximal ruptures, usually involving the long head of the biceps at the shoulder, are more common and often result from age-related degeneration or associated rotator-cuff disease. They typically cause upper-arm pain, bruising…

Major Depressive Disorder

DSM V categorise these as seperate disorders Depressive disorders Bipolar disorders Anxiety disorders Depressive Disorders Major depressive disorder Other depressive disorder Persistent Depressive Disorder Substance/medication induced depression disorder Depressive disorder due to another medical condition Overview Depressive disorders are typically characterised by persistent low mood, loss of interest and enjoyment, neurovegetative disturbance, and reduced energy,…

Nephritic Syndrome

Overview Nephritic syndrome is one of two clinical patterns seen in glomerular disease. Nephritic Syndrome is characterised by haematuria, proteinuria, hypertension and oligouria. Nephritic syndrome can be further classified based on light microscopic features: Focal Diffuse Glomerular Disease: Disease effecting the glomerulus. Glomerular disease reduces the ability of the kidneys to maintain a balance of certain substances in…

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