Medical science, drawn into focus.

Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease 

Overview Systemic sclerosis–associated interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD) is one of the most common and severe internal organ manifestations of systemic sclerosis (SSc), occurring in up to 50–60% of patients on HRCT, with clinically significant disease in ~25–30%. It is a major cause of SSc-related mortality. The most frequent histopathological pattern is nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP),…

Biceps Tendon Rupture

Overview A biceps tendon rupture is a partial or complete tear of the tendon attaching the biceps muscle to the shoulder or elbow.  Proximal ruptures, usually involving the long head of the biceps at the shoulder, are more common and often result from age-related degeneration or associated rotator-cuff disease. They typically cause upper-arm pain, bruising…

Anorectal Disease

Overview Anorectal conditions are a common presentation in the primary care setting. A history and physical examination usually will determine the etiology. Physical examination includes visual inspection, digital rectal examination, and anoscopy Anal Fissure More info on   Anal fissures Anal Abscess More info on  Anal Abscess Haemorrhoids More info on  Haemorrhoids Other anorectal disease…

Henoch–Schönlein Purpura (IgA Vasculitis)

Overview Henoch–Schönlein purpura (HSP), now termed IgA vasculitis, is the most common systemic vasculitis in children, characterised by IgA1-dominant immune complex deposition in small vessels, particularly affecting the skin, joints, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys. It predominantly occurs in children aged 3–10 years, with a slight male predominance, and often follows an upper respiratory tract infection.…

Parkinson's Disease

Overview Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and a wide spectrum of non-motor symptoms including sleep disorders, hyposmia, bladder and bowel dysfunction, fatigue, dementia, and other neuropsychiatric symptom. Although the disease has no cure, available treatments effectively control motor symptoms and improve quality of life. Parkinson disease affects approximately 1…

Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

Overview Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm, also known as AAA, is a permanent dilation of the abdominal aorta with a diameter of >1.5 times of the expected diameter. The adopted diameter that indicates AAA is 3cm or more. AAA is strongly associated with smoking and increasing age. Most of these aneurysms are fusiform and originate below the…

Vasculitides

Classification Large-vessel vasculitis Takayasu arteritis Medium-sized vessel vasculitis Childhood polyarteritis nodosa Kawasaki Disease Small-vessel vasculitis Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s Syndrome) Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg–Strauss syndrome) Henoch-Schönlein purpura (Spring Fever) Other vasculitides Behçet’s disease Kawasaki disease and HSP are the most common childhood vasculitis followed by PAN.

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