Overview Nephritic syndrome is one of two clinical patterns seen in glomerular disease. Nephritic Syndrome is characterised by haematuria, proteinuria, hypertension and oligouria. Nephritic syndrome can…

Overview Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the glomerulus.  Glomerulonephritis is classified by clinical syndrome/presentation (e.g. nephritic or nephrotic syndrome), histological appearance , or…

Overview  The spondyloarthropathies are a diverse group of inflammatory arthritides that share certain genetic predisposing factors and clinical features. Their most characteristic feature is inflammatory…

Overview Urinary Tract infections (UTIs) in children are common and usually carry low risk. UTIs are often non-specific and can not be diagnosed on symptoms alone. A clean specimen (urine) is required for…

Overview Umbilical hernias are one of the most common surgical conditions in infants and children. In infantile umbilical hernia there is a pathological failure of obliteration of umbilical defect. Umbilical…

Overview Birth defects are the leading cause of perinatal and post- neonatal deaths, and result in substantial morbidity and disability in developed countries. There is a wide variety of mechanisms…

Overview The successful transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life is dependent upon significant physiologic changes that occur at birth. High-risk delivery Infants who are more likely to…

Overview The classic blood type is the ABO type and either Rh- or Rh+. Rh stands for the Rhesus antigen. If a person has the Rhesus antigen it means they are Rh+, and if they don’t it is Rh-.  The Rhesus…

Meningitis 5 year old presents with non-blanching rash, fever, headache, photophobia and neck stiffness. Aetiology Clinical presentation Investigations Treatment Complications Pertussis 8 month old presents…

Overview Varivose veins (VV) are long, torturous and dilated don’t veins of the superficial venous system. There is a spectrum ranging from telangiectasias (dilated interdermal venules less than 1 mm), through…