Overview Medial and lateral knee joint menisci serve to transfer load and absorb shock, aid joint stability and provide lubrication. The meniscus is the most commonly injured structure in the knee joint.…

Overview Hyperlipidaemia is an umbrella term which encompasses genetic and acquired disorders that raise lipid levels within the blood. Hyperlipidaemia does not independently cause clinical symptoms, rather…

Overview Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) exists on a spectrum of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (NVP). NVP refers to symptoms of nausea, vomiting or dry retching commencing in the first trimester, with no…

Overview Hydatidiform moles are part of a group of diseases falling under gestational trophoblastic disease. A hydatidiform mole refers to the abnormal growth of trophoblastic cells in the placenta, resulting…

56 year old lady recurrent presentations to your practice for polyuria and increased thirst. Random serum glucose and urinary glucose have returned normal. Patient has otherwise been well, complains of no…

Overview Haemorrhoid Plexi are normal anatomical structures located within the anal canal. The term “Anal Haemorrhoids” usually refers to a pathology where the Haemorrhoidal Plexi are enlarged. They are mainly…

Overview Anal fissure is a split in the skin of the distal anal canal. It presents with severe pain on defecation, like passing “glass shards”, and rectal bleeding. It is more frequently diagnosed in younger…

Overview Addison’s disease is a disease characterised by adrenal insufficiency. Adrenal insufficiency results in a decrease of the adrenal gland hormones: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and to an extent…

Overview Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear is one of the most common knee injuries, particularly in young athletes involved in pivoting sports (soccer, basketball, skiing). ACL injuries account for ~50% of…