Thoracic Outlet Obstruction (TOS) is caused by nerve or vessel compression near the collarbone. Learn the key types—neurogenic, venous, and arterial—along with symptoms, anatomy, tests (Adson’s, Roos), and…

Understand how hydrochloric acid is produced and regulated in the stomach and why excess acid causes peptic ulcers and heartburn—key for preventing and treating GERD and ulcer disease. In this clear, engaging…

Learn about the common causes and underlying mechanisms of bowel obstruction, including mechanical and functional types. This video explains the pathophysiology, key clinical signs, and potential complications…

Patients with acute upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding commonly present with hematemesis (vomiting of blood or coffee-ground-like material) and/or melena (black, tarry stools). Common causes of UGI…

Explore the key features of acute cholecystitis, including its signs, symptoms, and underlying pathophysiology. This video also reviews diagnostic strategies and treatment options such as antibiotics,…

Diabetes explained: learn how insulin, type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and chronic complications affect blood sugar, kidneys, heart, nerves, and vision. This concise video breaks down the physiology of…

Learn how the human body maintains temperature homeostasis through physiological responses to heat and cold. This educational video covers the mechanisms of thermoregulation, including…

Explore the mechanisms of action of key medications used to manage hypertension and cardiac conditions in this educational video. Learn how different drug classes target the heart and blood vessels to…