Medical science, drawn into focus.

Breast Cancer

"A 35 Year old women presents with a 1cm hard lump in the upper quadrant of her right breast. She first noticed this when she was in the shower three months ago. She is worried that the lump might be malignant" Overview Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. It accounts for…

Major Depressive Disorder

DSM V categorise these as seperate disorders Depressive disorders Bipolar disorders Anxiety disorders Depressive Disorders Major depressive disorder Other depressive disorder Persistent Depressive Disorder Substance/medication induced depression disorder Depressive disorder due to another medical condition Overview Depressive disorders are typically characterised by persistent low mood, loss of interest and enjoyment, neurovegetative disturbance, and reduced energy,…

Endometriosis

A healthy 25-year-old woman presents with worsening dysmenorrhea, pain of recent onset in the left lower quadrant, and dyspareunia. She has regular menstrual cycles, and her last menstrual period was 3 weeks before presentation. She has been trying to fall pregnant over the past 10 months without success and she is becoming more concerned. Overview…

Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia (GAVE)

Overview Gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE, “watermelon stomach”) is a rare but important cause of non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding, often presenting with chronic iron-deficiency anaemia or recurrent overt bleeding in older adults, particularly women [1–4]. It is frequently associated with systemic conditions such as liver cirrhosis (~30% of cases) and autoimmune/connective-tissue disease (especially systemic sclerosis).…

Lung Cancer

Overview Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in men and women. Lung cancer can be divided into small cell and non-small cell carcinoma. Small cell lung carcinoma presents late stage and has poorer prognosis.  A solitary pulmonary nodule measuring 8 mm or less can be followed radiographically. For larger lesions, a biopsy, whether…

Hydatidiform Mole (Molar Pregnancy)

Overview Hydatidiform moles are part of a group of diseases falling under gestational trophoblastic disease. A hydatidiform mole refers to the abnormal growth of trophoblastic cells in the placenta, resulting in edematous placental villi that form hydatidiform structures. It is classified as either partial or complete, causing either abnormal foetal development (resulting in foetal demise)…

Achilles Tendinopathy & Rupture

Overview Achilles tendinopathy & rupture are common causes of posterior ankle pain and disability, particularly in active adults. Tendinopathy presents with chronic pain, stiffness, and impaired function, while rupture is an acute injury characterised by a sudden “pop” and loss of plantarflexion power. Achilles tendon injuries are increasingly prevalent due to sports participation, with rupture…

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