Medical science, drawn into focus.

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

Overview Acute kidney injury (AKI) (formerly acute renal failure) is the syndrome arising from a rapid fall in GFR (over hours to days). It is characterized by retention of both nitrogenous (including Urea and Creatinine) and non-nitrogenous waste products of metabolism, as well as disordered electrolyte, acid– base, and fluid homeostasis. AKI is neither a…

Carotid Artery Disease

Overview Carotid artery disease refers to atherosclerotic narrowing of the carotid artery lumen. It is associated with approximately 10-15% of all ischaemic strokes. Stroke is the third leading cause of death and a principal cause of long-term disability in much of the industrialised world. The degree of internal carotid artery stenosis is the most important…

Nephrotic Syndrome

Overview Nephrotic syndrome is a relatively rare but important manifestation of kidney disease.Nephrotic syndrome classically presents with heavy proteinuria , minimal hematuria, hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia, edema , and hypertension. In general, all patients with hypercholesterolemia secondary to nephrotic syndrome should be treated with lipid-lowering agents because they are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Nephrotic syndrome…

Marfans Syndrome

Overview Marfan's Syndrome is one of the most common inherited disorders of connective tissue. Marfan syndrome is a hereditary disease affecting connective tissues in the body, resulting in symptoms such as aortic dissection and musculoskeletal deformities. However, no family history of Marfan's does not exclude the diagnosis as 30% can occur through gene mutation. Marfan syndrome:…

Felty Syndrome

Overview Felty syndrome is a rare but serious extra-articular manifestation of long-standing, seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA), characterized by the classic triad of RA, splenomegaly, and neutropenia. It was first described in 1924 by the US-American physician Augustus Roi Felty. It most commonly occurs after at least 10 years of poorly controlled RA and is associated…

Personality Disorders

Quotes “I'm so good at beginnings, but in the end I always seem to destroy everything, including myself.” ―  Kiera Van Gelder “I need them to be aware and present with me in the midst of the storm, not just tell me what to do.” ―  Kiera Van Gelder Overview The term ‘personality disorder’ is frequently…

Parkinson's Disease

Overview Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and a wide spectrum of non-motor symptoms including sleep disorders, hyposmia, bladder and bowel dysfunction, fatigue, dementia, and other neuropsychiatric symptom. Although the disease has no cure, available treatments effectively control motor symptoms and improve quality of life. Parkinson disease affects approximately 1…

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