Medical science, drawn into focus.

Cerebral Palsy

Overview Cerebral palsy is a non-Progressive neurological disorder. Usually with significant motor component. Clinical presentation overtime changes due to increased developmental challenges.Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common physical disability in childhood. Prevalence is about 1 – 3/ 1000 live births. Cerebral palsy can affect: Cerebral cortex – causing spasticity Basal ganglia – causing dyskinesia…

Urinary Incontinence

Overview Urinary incontinence is an important condition because it causes significant distress. Approximately 15% of the general female adult population have a significant problem with urinary incontinence. Urinary incontinence: Defined as the condition in which there is invontary loss of urine, which can be objectively demonstrated and which is a social or hygienic problem. Stress…

Iron Deficiency Anaemia

Overview In the clinical setting, iron deficiency is the most common cause of anaemia. Iron Deficiency is lack of iron in the body resulting from inadequate iron intake, increased iron loss and increased iron demand which can lead to anaemia. Iron is an integral part of haemoglobin the oxygen carrying protein. Without iron, oxygen is unable to…

Bowel Obstruction

Overview Bowel obstruction is a blockage of intestinal contents, either mechanical (e.g., adhesions, hernias, malignancy) or functional (e.g., ileus), leading to impaired transit, proximal dilation, and downstream complications including ischaemia and perforation if untreated. Key features of bowel obstruction include colicky abdominal pain, distension, nausea with bilious or faeculent vomiting, obstipation, initially high-pitched then absent…

Adult onset Still's Disease

Overview Adult Onset Still’s Disease (AOSD) is a complex multisystemic autoinflammatory disease characterised by recurrent episodes of spiking fever (> 39–40°C), pink–salmon transient skin rash, and the presence of arthralgia or polyarthritis. First described by Eric Bywaters in 1971 it closely resembles systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (Still’s disease). retrospective observational study in Japan found…

Parturition and Routine Care

Overview Parturition Physiology Preterm:  defined as babies born alive before 37 weeks of pregnancy are completed. Term:  defined as babies born alive after 37 weeks and before 42 weeks Postterm (induced for labour):  defined as babies born alive after 42 weeks. Birthweight Low birth weight: <2500g regardless of age Very low birth weight: <1500g regardless of…

Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anaemia

Overview Vitamin B 12 (cobalamin) deficiency is a common cause of megaloblastic anemia, a variety of neuropsychiatric symptoms, and elevated serum homocysteine levels, especially in older persons. The recognition and treatment of vitamin B 12 deficiency is critical since it is a reversible cause of bone marrow failure and demyelinating nervous system disease. Anaemia (Anemia):  The…

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