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Vasculitides

Classification Large-vessel vasculitis Takayasu arteritis Medium-sized vessel vasculitis Childhood polyarteritis nodosa Kawasaki Disease Small-vessel vasculitis Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s Syndrome) Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg–Strauss syndrome) Henoch-Schönlein purpura (Spring Fever) Other vasculitides Behçet’s disease Kawasaki disease and HSP are the most common childhood vasculitis followed by PAN.

Chronic Pancreatitis

Overview Chronic pancreatitis is a progressive fibro-inflammatory disease of the pancreas that causes irreversible structural damage and eventual loss of exocrine and endocrine pancreatic function. It commonly presents with recurrent or persistent upper abdominal pain and may later cause malabsorption, weight loss and pancreatogenic diabetes. Alcohol exposure and smoking are important causes and accelerators, but…

Diverticular Disease

Overview Diverticula of the colon consist of outpouchings of mucous membrane through the muscle wall of the bowel. In the colon, diverticula are found most commonly in the sigmoid and descending colon, and become increasingly rare in passing from the left to the right side of the colon. They are unusual before the age of 40…

X-linked Agammaglobulinaemia (XLA / Bruton’s Disease)

Overview X-linked agammaglobulinaemia (XLA) is a rare primary immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) gene , leading to failure of B-cell maturation. It results in profound hypogammaglobulinaemia and susceptibility to recurrent bacterial infections, particularly with encapsulated organisms. It usually presents after 6 months of age (once maternal IgG wanes). Prevalence is…

Toxic Multinodular Goitre

Overview Toxic Multinodular Goitre (TMNG) is the second most common cause of hyperthyroidism caused by a long-standing goitre and/or iodine deficiency which results in an increased risk of mutation and consequent TSH-independent autonomic function of thyroid nodules to produce excess thyroid hormones. Common clinical manifestations include hyperthyroidism and a painless thyroid goitre with palpable nodules.…

Prostatitis

Overview Prostatitis refers to a spectrum of conditions involving inflammation of the prostate gland, ranging from acute bacterial infection to chronic pelvic pain syndromes. It is a common urological condition affecting men of all ages, particularly those aged 30–50 years. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) classifies prostatitis into four categories: acute bacterial, chronic bacterial, chronic…

Psoriasis

Overview Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated, inflammatory skin disease with systemic associations, characterized by sharply demarcated erythematous plaques with overlying scale, most commonly plaque psoriasis. [1-4] It affects about 1% to 3% of the global population, although prevalence varies by geography and ethnicity, and plaque psoriasis accounts for about 80% to 90% of cases. [1,2]…

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