Medical science, drawn into focus.

Menopause

Overview The menopause means the final menstrual period – diagnosed retrospectively after one year of amenorrhoea. Cessation occurs due to loss of ovarian function. The “declining oocyte pool” theory states that a newborn girl is born with millions of eggs, most of which die by atresia. The average age of menopause is 50, however this can vary…

Peptic Ulcer Disease

Overview Peptic ulcer refers to an ulcer in the lower oesophagus, stomach or duodenum. Incidence ↑ with age; both sexes are similarly affected. In the developed world, Helicobacter pylori incidence has been slowly ↓ over the past 50 yrs; Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory drug (NSAID) use has ↑. Peptic ulcers remain common worldwide, especially in the developing world where H. pylori infection is prevalent.…

Pre-menstrual Syndrome (PMS)

Overview Premenstrual syndrome is defined as recurrent moderate psychological and physical symptoms that occur during the luteal phase of menses and resolve with menstruation. Most women of reproductive age experience one or more mild emotional or physical symptoms for one to two days before the onset of menses. These symptoms, such as breast soreness and bloating,…

Otitis Media

Overview Otitis media (OM) is one of the most common infections in children. OM is inflammation of the middle ear and is usually secondary to bacterial and/or viral infection. It is a complication of eustachian tube dysfunction that occurred during an acute viral upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). The URTI causes effusion in the middle ear…

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)

Overview Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is the most severe form of primary immunodeficiency, characterised by profound defects in both humoral (B-cell) and cellular (T-cell) immunity. It presents in infancy with recurrent, severe, and opportunistic infections, chronic diarrhoea, and failure to thrive. Without curative therapy, most infants die within the first year of life. Incidence is…

Anal Haemorrhoids

Overview Haemorrhoid Plexi are normal anatomical structures located within the anal canal. The term “Anal Haemorrhoids” usually refers to a pathology where the Haemorrhoidal Plexi are enlarged. They are mainly caused by chronic constipation and frequent defecation leading to dilation and engorgement of haemorrhoidal tissue. Common symptoms are bleeding, pain and itching. There are internal…

Lung Cancer

Overview Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in men and women. Lung cancer can be divided into small cell and non-small cell carcinoma. Small cell lung carcinoma presents late stage and has poorer prognosis.  A solitary pulmonary nodule measuring 8 mm or less can be followed radiographically. For larger lesions, a biopsy, whether…

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