Medical science, drawn into focus.

Congenital Heart Defect

Overview Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common congenital disorder in newborns. Classification Acyanotic and Cyanotic Pulmonary blood flow Increased Decreased Normal Cyanotic (T's) Acynotic (D's) T etralogy of Fallot AS D T ransposition of the great vessles VS D T ricuspid atresia AVS D T runcus arteriosus Patent D uctus Arteriosus   Other:…

Bronchiolitis

Overview Bronchiolitis is often a viral cause mainly Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV). Bronchiolitis is the most common respiratory tract infection of neonates and is usually self-limiting. A major source of confusion of treatment is differentiating a viral bronchiolitis to asthma. In summary bronchiolitis is usually seen in infants <2yo. Asthma is seen in older children. Bronchiolitis…

Acute Diabetes Complication (DKA, HHS, Hypoglycaemia)

Diabetic Ketoacidosis Ketoacidosis: A condition resulting from deficient insulin availability, leading to lipid oxidation and metabolism rather than glucose metabolism. The insulin absence results in free fatty acid (FFA) released from adipose tissue and in unregulated hepatic FFA oxidation and ketogenesis. Type I Diabetes:  Autoimmune disease where there is attack of beta cells of the…

Community Acquired Pneumonia

Overview Community acquired pneumonia occur in individuals who are not in hospital (or have been in hospital in the past 48 hours) and who are not significantly immunocompromised. The World Health Organization estimates that lower respiratory tract infection is the most common infectious cause of death in the world. Choice of antibiotics are usually empirical…

Henoch–Schönlein Purpura (IgA Vasculitis)

Overview Henoch–Schönlein purpura (HSP), now termed IgA vasculitis, is the most common systemic vasculitis in children, characterised by IgA1-dominant immune complex deposition in small vessels, particularly affecting the skin, joints, gastrointestinal tract, and kidneys. It predominantly occurs in children aged 3–10 years, with a slight male predominance, and often follows an upper respiratory tract infection.…

Interstitial Lung Disease

Overview Interstitial Lung Disease is also known as Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease (DPLD). A Heterogeneous collection of restrictive lung conditions (>100) that primarily (or at least initially) disrupt the pulmonary interstitium. Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) are grouped together as they share similar pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical features and radiological findings. Pulmonary Interstitium: Intervening structural tissue between the alveoli space and pulmonary…

Gallstone Disease

This section looks at gallstone disease in general. For info on cholecystitis specifically click here . Overview Gallstones, also called cholelithiasis, are solid deposits formed from components of bile, most commonly cholesterol or bilirubin. They usually develop within the gallbladder but may migrate into the biliary ducts. Gallstones range from very small particles to large stones…

Full resource library