Medical science, drawn into focus.

Non-Febrile Seizures (Epilepsy)

This section will mainly focus on Paediatric Epilepsy (NOT FEBRILE SEIZURES) Children and Adults can have seizures because of metabolic disturbances, trauma or being in a febrile state. This does mean they have epilepsy. Epilepsy is a condition characterised by the tendency for recurrent seizures. Presents when at least 2 unprovoked seizures occur >24 hours apart. Overview…

Umbilical and Epigastric Hernia

Overview Umbilical and Epigastric hernias are types of Primary Ventral abdominal wall hernias. Epigastric hernias are two to three times more common in men.  Umbilical hernias are three times more likely in females. Most epigastric hernias contain preperitoneal fat, while most umbilical hernias contain omentum or bowel. These hernias are usually asymptomatic unless incarcerated, obstructed…

Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anaemia

Overview Vitamin B 12 (cobalamin) deficiency is a common cause of megaloblastic anemia, a variety of neuropsychiatric symptoms, and elevated serum homocysteine levels, especially in older persons. The recognition and treatment of vitamin B 12 deficiency is critical since it is a reversible cause of bone marrow failure and demyelinating nervous system disease. Anaemia (Anemia):  The…

Mitral Stenosis

Overview Mitral stenosis causes an obstruction to blood flow from the left atrium to left ventricle usually as a result of rheumatic heart disease. The stenosis results in increased pressure in the left atrium, pulmonary vasculature and right side of heart. Mitral valve disease is a frequent cause of heart failure and death. Mitral valve area:…

Bipolar Disorder

Overview Bipolar disorder, previously termed manic depression, is a psychiatric diagnosis characterised by abnormally elevated or irritable mood episode(s) accompanied by disruptive symptoms of distractibility, indiscretions, grandiosity, flight of ideas, hyperactivity, decreased need for sleep, and talkativeness. It is well known that bipolar disorder carries with it high mortality and morbidity rates. The lifetime risk…

Psoriasis

Overview Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated, inflammatory skin disease with systemic associations, characterized by sharply demarcated erythematous plaques with overlying scale, most commonly plaque psoriasis. [1-4] It affects about 1% to 3% of the global population, although prevalence varies by geography and ethnicity, and plaque psoriasis accounts for about 80% to 90% of cases. [1,2]…

Pregnancy (not a disease)

Overview Pregnancy – Overview Physiological Changes in Pregnancy Uterus, Vagina and Breast Physiology changes Uterus (Cervix + Isthmus + Body of uterus) Muscle hypertrophy til 20weeks then stretching till term. Uterine and ovarian arteries undergo hypertrophy Cervix Reduced collagen → allows dilatation Hypertrophy of cervical glands → thick mucus plug Uterine body ↑size, shape, shape and consitency Increases…

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